History Of The Amputation Procedure Health And Social Care Essay

Blending to WebMD â€Å" a removal is the remotion of segment or the entirety of a natural structure partition encased by covering. Removals are performed to take dreary tissue or to ease harming † . The primary removals were acted in the Neolithic occasions, the main recorded occurrence of a removal and prosthetic supplanting medical procedure shows up in the book of the Vedas. A large portion of the main removals happened during times of war, where injury to the extremities was extremely normal. During the American Civil War in the event that you were shot in the storage compartment there was an extraordinary open door that you would expire, however on the off chance that you were shot in an extremity, snappiest and most normal alternative was removal. At the point when accessible the common war sawboness put Chloroform on a texture, so the texture was held over the casualty ‘s oral cavity and nose until the individual got oblivious. On account of the large figure of hurt officers the sawboness became specialists with removals, the vast majority of the clasp the removals could be acted in roughly 10 proceedingss. The sawboness were non energizing, on the grounds that there was a deficiency of H2O thusly they put forth no attempt to wash authorities or instruments between medical procedures, in spite of the entirety of this the endurance pace of the amputees was at around 75 % . The majority of the Civil War sawboness took in this procedure from this book â€Å" The Pr actice of Surgery † , by Samuel Cooper. This book was the â€Å" How To † book of executing removals for the sawboness. This book talks about the measure by mark approaches to remove the leg, underneath the articulatio family, the arm, and the fingers and toes. A portion of the instruments that the Civil War sawboness utilized were the pressure gauze, surgical blades, bone precept, and bone childs. The pressure gauze was utilized to shorten the progression of blood during a removal procedure. The surgical tool was utilized to do scratchs in the covering. The bone maxim were utilized to slice straight through bone, and musculus. The bone childs were utilized to take matchwoods from the bone that the bone precept could hold caused. Today there are various kinds of removals ; they are first ordered under upper appendage removals, and lower appendage removals. The upper appendage removals include: removal of single figures, different digit removal, metacarpal removal, wrist disarticulation, lower arm ( trans-outspread ) removal, elbow disarticulation, above-elbow ( trans-humeral ) removal, shoulder disarticulation, and forequarter removal. Removal of single figures is the remotion of a finger ; this will do the patient issue hold oning objects. Different digit removal is the remotion of at least two fingers, hold oning capacity might be helped if the sawbones is capable remake the musculus. Metacarpal removal is the finished remotion of the manus, with the carpus still vital ; with this kind of removal there is no capacity to hang on. Wrist disarticulation is the remotion of the full manus up to the level of the carpus explanation. Lower arm ( trans-spiral ) removal this is the remotion sweep, it is ordered by th e size of the staying stump ; as the stump length diminishes so does the capacity for the patient to rotate their lower arm. Elbow disarticulation is the remotion of the full lower arm up to the cubitus ; the patient despite everything has the capacity of keeping weight. Above-elbow ( trans-humeral ) removal is the remotion of the humourous wherever over the cubitus and beneath the shoulder ; prosthetic gadget could be utilized if there is some length left on the humourous. Shoulder disarticulation is the remotion the of the full arm, the shoulder bone despite everything remains and the neckline bone may or may non be evacuated. Forequarter removal is the remotion of the full arm, shoulder bone, and neckline bone, ordinarily some bone is left so as to join a prosthetic gadgets. The lower appendage removals include: foot removals, lower leg disarticulation ( Syme removal ) , beneath knee ( trans-tibial ) removal, knee-bearing removal, above-knee ( trans-femoral ) removal, and hip dis articulation. Foot removals are the remotion of any segment or part of the pes including toes, and mid-tarsal ; this sort of removal may affect parity and strolling. Lower leg disarticulation ( Syme removal ) is the remotion of the full mortise joint ; with this sort of removal the casualty can at present prepare without a prosthetic gadgets. Beneath knee ( trans-tibial ) removal is the remotion of the shinbone over the mortise joint, however underneath the articulatio variety ; casualties keep the utilization of the articulatio sort, yet have issue seting weight on the stump. Knee-bearing removal is the finished remotion of the lower leg ; it is ordinarily progressively difficult to make a prosthetic gadget for this kind of removal. Above-knee ( trans-femoral ) removal is the remotion of the thighbone up to the level of the thigh ; the casualty can even now sit with this sort of removal. Hip disarticulation is the remotion of the full leg ; sawboness attempt to go forward each piec e a great part of the thighbone as conceivable so as to connect a prosthetic gadget. With all the removals, upper and lower members, the sawbones will try to go forward each piece a lot of bone as conceivable so as to append a prosthetic gadget. In the United States totally there are more than 350,000 amputees, and more than 135,000 removals happening every twelvemonth. In the United States the taking reason for removals is ailment ( 70 % ) , the second driving reason is injury ( 22 % ) , innate or birth abandons ( 4 % ) , and tumors ( 4 % ) . The most well-known sicknesses and conditions that can do a removal are fringe course ailment, blood vessel intercalation, impeded dissemination as a complexity of diabetes mellitus, sphacelus, awful cryopathy, Raynaud ‘s ailment, and Buerger ‘s infection. More than 90 % of all malady doing removals are because of circulative confusions of diabetes. 60-80 % of these removals include the lower limbs. Fringe arteria ailment causes removals by the blood vass indurating that makes the blood be obstructed from making tissues in the natural structure ‘s members ; as a result of this these tissues at long amazing, causes the interest for a removal. Blood vessel intercalation makes a blood coagulum sort out which hinders the progression of blood thus makes the tissue perish and require to be cut away. Diabetess mellitus is where non sufficient insulin is delivered by the natural structure and hapless course happens as a result of the diabetes, the hapless dissemination can do tissue to perish, which would so require to be cut off. Gangrene is the expire and rot of one time living tissue, the dead tissue is expelled through a removal. Frostbite is when tissue on the natural structure freezes, following in hoar nibble, in horrible examples the tissue bites the dust thus would hold to be expelled through a removal. Raynaud ‘s infection is a malady generally found in youthful grown-up females, it causes decreased blood stream to the limbs ; this could so do the tissue in the members to expire. Buerger ‘s ailment is a long winded malady that causes redness and check of the venas and arterias of the limbs, regularly just happens in work powers und er age 40, who smoke, this infection may require removal of the authorities or pess. The second prima reason for a removal is injury. Orchestrating to Merriam-Webster injury is a harmed ( as a sore ) to populating tissue brought about by an outward operator. There are a wide range of conceivable physical issue, they can occur with yet are non restricted to car crashes, horrible Burnss and discharge sores. During an awful hurt, blood vass and other natural structure tissue constituents are torn or torn past fix by these sorts of damages, go forthing no other choice yet removal. Another reason for a removal is an inherent or birth imperfection removal. Inborn removals happen in the uterus while the darling is as yet creating ; blood stream to an appendage can go confined due to other tissue. As an outcome the appendage could be lost and the darling is brought into the world with a characteristic removal. The other reason for removals are by tumors. People groups with harmful neoplasti c malady that have dangerous tumors, need to remove the nation in which the tumor is, so as to prevent the threatening neoplastic sickness to additionally spread to different pieces of the natural structure. Experiencing a removal effectsly affects the natural structure, both mental and physical. These impacts are going on when the medical procedure. Numerous new amputees have a hard clasp with covering with the passing of an appendage which has been with them since birth, only holding to work without something that you have had dish to as long as you can remember is a horrible mishap in of its sense of self. At the point when individuals are informed that they are venturing out to require a removal the most widely recognized response is stun. A large number of the casualties experience a time of refusal, the individuals think â€Å" this ca n't go on to me † or â€Å" I wo n't permit you make this to me. † Many amputees may other than create choler towards themselves, cherished 1s and God. Amputees contemplate internally â€Å" why me? † Many of the new amputees face being stressed over the stinging during medical procedure and during the recuperation time frame. Be fore the medical procedure the patients attempt to â€Å" haggle † with God, the sawbones, or both to stop the interest for the removal. After this accomplishes n't work commonly the patient starts to hold side effects of despondency. A great many people in the terminal figure out how to get by with the loss of their appendage and acknowledge what has occurred. The removal will hold a significant effect on the patient ‘s mental self view, which could be sure or negative. A portion of the amputees may encounter a more noteworthy sentiment of solidarity created in the endeavor to improve of the losingss which have happened

Feminimity and Masculinity in Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essays -- Trif

Feminimity and Masculinity in Trifles by Susan Glaspell Works Cited Not Included Wastes of time, a one-demonstration play, composed by Susan Glaspell, has a fascinating plot about a harsh husband?s murder on account of his manhandled spouse on a disconnected ranch in the Midwest (Russell, pg. 1). The initial scene of the play gives us a lot of data about the individuals of the play and their sentiments. The play depicts the manners by which men rewarded ladies during this timespan. The men in the perusing mirrored a male-situated society, which caused the ladies sentiments of constraint and unappreciation. All through the play the activities of Mrs. Wright, Mrs. Robust, and Mrs. Dwindles take after that of Greek folklore, where three sisters controlled the destiny of men (Russell, pg. 1). The setting wherein most of the activity happens is the kitchen. The room is depicted as ? a bleak kitchen?- unwashed skillet under the sink, a portion of bread outside the bread-box, a drying towel on the table-and different indications of uncompleted works?(Roberts and Jones, pg.1150). This depiction should alarm the peruser promptly that something isn't right. In when this play was occurring, the woman?s sole obligation was to maintain the house in control. All that I have perused from this timespan has depicted the house as a spotless and sorted out spot for the man to return home to. It should be a spot for rest and unwinding. The way that Mrs. Wright?s kitchen was in such confusion, represents that something was alarming her. In the passage depicting the scene it is informed that the individuals entered the kitchen in the request for the sheriff, the region lawyer, and Hale. The sheriff?s spouse and Mrs. Solidness followed behind the men, entering last... ...h her very own portion. ?Mrs. Sound emblematically asserts her situation as the individual who turns the string of life,? (Russell, pg. 1) relating back to Greek folklore. At the point when the men keep on kidding about Mrs. Wright?s aim ?to stitch or simply tie? it summons a cautious reaction in Mrs. Sound which appears to caution them not to court disaster. The play closes with the ladies going out without passing on what they had figured out how to the men. They felt legitimized in settling on a choice not to tell due to the deigning mentalities of the men. Their decision was to do what was legitimately right and report their discoveries, or to hide reality and vindicate all ladies (Kearns, pg. 1). Mrs. Sound grabs the case from Mrs. Subsides and places it in the pocket of her huge coat to cover it. The ladies have no expectations of uncovering their finds, and appear to secure Mrs. Wright as far as possible.

Literary Achievements Essays - Literature, Fiction, Gilded Age

Scholarly Achievements A concise individual history and outline of artistic accomplishments The social progression of the 1920's has numerous significant artistic figures related with it. Names, for example, T.S. Elliot, Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald are a few of the better-known names. Edith Wharton is one of the less known about the period, in any case, is as yet a considerable author. This paper will investigate Ms. Wharton's life and history and give a short foundation encompassing a portion of her increasingly well known books. Ms. Wharton was conceived Edith Newbold Jones on January 24, 1862, in her folks' house and West Twenty-Third Street in New York City. Her mom, Lucretia Stevens Rhinelander, associated with rich Dutch landowners and shippers of the mid nineteenth century, was the granddaughter of an exceptional American Progressive War nationalist, General Ebenezer Stevens. After the war, General Stevens turned into an exceptionally effective East-India trader. Edith Wharton's dad, a man of significant, private, acquired riches, didn't follow a vocation in business. Or maybe, he carried on with an existence of recreation, punctuated by his pastimes of ocean angling, pontoon dashing, and wildfowl shooting (exercises regular of well off men of the day). During her initial hardly any years, Edith Wharton's family rotated between New York City in the winter and Newport, Rhode Island, in the late spring. At the time, Newport was an entirely elegant spot where New York City groups of riches may appreciate sea breezes and take part in a ro! und of tea and inward parties, the leaving of calling cards, and steady arrangements for engaging or being engaged. At the point when she was four years of age, her folks took her on a voyage through Europe, focusing on Italy and France. She became as acquainted with Rome and Paris as most youngsters are with the places where they grew up. It was here that the little, red-headed kid played her preferred game. Not yet ready to peruse, she hefted around with her an enormous volume of Washington Irving's accounts of old Spain, The Alhambra. Holding the Book cautiously, frequently topsy turvy, she continued to turn the pages and to peruse resoundingly make up stories as she came. Though most offspring of her age would be told the natural old society what's more, fantasies of Anderson, Perrault, and the Brothers Grimm, she tuned in with incredible enjoyment to stories of the household dramatizations of the incomparable Greek and Roman divine forces of folklore. The little youngster quickly figured out how to peruse, talk, and compose German, French, and Italian, because of the endeavors of tutor and the more distant family voyages through France and Italy. Coming back to America after an nonappearance of sex a very long time in pleasant Europe, the ten-year-old Edith saw New York City with blended emotions. She missed the charm of Europe; she was troubled with the bustling business quality of a lot of her home city; she was enchanted to join her family members and companions on a meandering family home at Newport. Here she proceeded with her investigation of present day dialects and appropriate habits. Be that as it may, she needed to come back to her dad's in New York, where she invested her energy scrutinizing his library and drenching herself in any semblance of Roman Plutarch and the English Macaulay, the English Pepys and Evelyn and the French Madame de Sevigne; the artists, Milton, Burns and Byron, just as Scott, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley, and Elizabeth Barrat Browning. With these journalists as her models and motivation, youthful Edith Wharton started to cover colossal sheets of wrapping paper with her own writing and section. Edith's family and the groups of the majority of her companions were not in business: they lived on their earnings and speculations, living relaxed existences of eating out or supper going with much accentuation on great cooking, and shining discussion. Every so often, they went to the theater; the drama, sometimes. At the point when she was seventeen, Edith's guardians chose the time had shown up for her coming out. The arrangement of social exercises that showed to the world that she was grown-up enough to be welcome to social diversion without her folks as chaperones. Before long, she joined her dad and mom to another excursion to Europe - this time for her father's wellbeing. He kicked the bucket in France, when Edith was nineteen years of age, and the misery stricken mother and little girl came back to New York City. There they moved into a recently bought house on West Twenty-Fifth Street. For quite a long while, Edith delighted in the public activity of a normal young lady of her riches and social foundation; at that point her girlhood came ! to an end in 1885 with her union with Edward Wharton of Boston. Thirteen years her senior,

ART OF DOMINATION essays

Specialty OF DOMINATION expositions People are animals which are outfitted with the sentiment of god. What's more, due to this inclination, during the long history of mankind individuals thought of the god or divine beings and attempted to locate a legitimate answer whether god or divine beings exist and if there is a divine being what the god resemble. Other than this, the majority of the civic establishments have the confidence of various divine beings. The Hittites are one of the instances of these human advancements. Yet, they had issues with envisioning the divine beings, since its hard to envision something that you dont see. So Hittites thought of divine beings, as they have human like sights and furthermore they envisioned divine beings as they have associations with people particularly with the rulers. In a large portion of the antiquated human advancements individuals accept that there are bunches of divine beings and every god has a steady obligation. Also, they accept that the divine beings have specialists which serve the divine beings, so on earth. We can see the figures that uncover this conviction on the carvings which are shown in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations. There are some legendary animals called ugallu, kusarikku and griffon daemons. Ugallu is an arrangement of human and lion, and kusarikku is made by joining the bull and human. Furthermore, the griffons are made by the blend of hawk and lion which are envisioned to be extremely solid, and they are additionally accepted that they are conveying the sky. Likewise old individuals accepted that there are human orderlies of divine beings on earth and that divine beings can govern the vassals by thusly. In those ages individuals trust rulers on the grounds that the rulers are accepted to be the workers of divine beings. We can look at this in other antiquated human advancements like Egypt and furthermore in some Turkish domains which was found in Middle Asia. Despite the fact that this was the general conviction of the residents, the lords and the sovereigns in those human advancements are slanted to utilize this to fortify their situation in the general public. Since this religion power with the military force pairs the intensity of the lord upon ... <!

Increasing tuition in university of arizona Essay

Expanding educational cost in college of arizona - Essay Example Actually, colleges over the U.S. had to block a few projects and divisions from their instructive educational program (Hendley, â€Å"Arizona Ballot Initiative†). In any case, the economy is recouping and it is normal that the legislature ought to steadily return its use on training since the citizens income is pouring back in. It has not been the situation since the Arizona State is embraced further cuts on consumption on advanced education, something which has prompted an expansion in educational cost. Later on, a great deal of employments will require school training; nonetheless, with the current deficient help from the administration concerning advanced education, numerous understudies, including myself, won't have the option to foot the expensive educational cost at UA. As a result, an emergency of inadequacy of qualified and talented laborers is foreseen thereupon the critical need to direct a top to bottom research on the issue. There has been a warmed discussion about whether it is defended to expand educational cost for colleges or to look for elective methods of meeting the expenses of school organization without trading off the nature of college understudies. In this way, the current issue is just to be tended to by addressing the inquiry: is it justified to build education costs at the UA? In an article composed by Andrea Smiley in the UA News, the point of view of the understudy authority at UA on the issue of expanding educational cost is featured. Smiley presents the opinions of Ann Weaver Hart, UA President, corresponding to the expansion of educational cost whereby she recommends that the expansion in educational cost, except for graduate school, is reasonable and for a decent motivation given that a Guaranteed Tuition Plan follows the increment. Hart says, â€Å"I see that it is so basic to keep instruction affordable† (par.3). Nonetheless, she brings up that so as to accomplish the objectives of

A 5-Year Columbia Students Take on On-Campus Housing COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A 5-Year Columbia Students Take on On-Campus Housing COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Columbia’s location in Morningside Heights has, inevitably, shaped the neighborhood and its development. Over the recent years, the University has acquired a number of apartment buildings in the Morningside Heights vicinity, as well as in Harlem and the Manhattan Valley. In 2008, Columbia even acquired the Arbor, an admittedly nice apartment complex located in Riverdale. In the Bronx. (Don’t worry. Columbia offers a shuttle between the Arbor and both the Medical Center and Morningside Heights Campi. Pick your poison). Here’s a quick overview of the pros and cons of pursuing University Apartment Housing (UAH). Pros: It’s lowkey your best bet to stay close to campus. As noted before, Columbia has acquired, and continues to acquire, many apartment buildings in the Morningside Heights neighborhood. From my experience, SIPA students who pursue UAH are placed within a ten-minute walk to the International Affairs Building (IAB). In fact, SIPA students who live on 118th Street, between Amsterdam Avenue and Morningside Drive live right across IAB. Geographically speaking, students may be placed within the rectilinear domain bounded by 106th Street, Riverside Drive, 120th Street, and Frederick Douglass Boulevard/Central Park West. Path of least resistance. Perhaps the least work-intensive housing search can be found with UAH. If approved for UAH housing, students indicate their preferred price point, fill out a personality questionnaire, supply additional documentation, if needed, and done! Students are notified once they are placed, and the contact information of their potential roommate/suitemate is passed along. Upon arrival to campus, residents pay a visit to the UAH office (near the corner of 119th and Morningside) to sign a lease, and off they go! ‘Tis the season for sublets. School’s out for summer. But you’re not! UAH leases last for the entire duration of your student status. That means the apartment remains yours for the summer. If you’re interning or working in New York, you’re free to remain in your apartment. However, if your research sends you to Rome, or your internship places you in Iqaluit, you have the ability to sublet your apartment. The transient nature of the neighborhood means that someone would be more than happy to sublet your space. You’re also allowed to charge your subletter a premium, a rate higher than your rent, within reason. UAH has rules for that, but that discussion is best left for if you survive your first year a later time. Cons: UAH is not guaranteed. There is no way for the University to provide housing to its close to 20,000 postgraduates. That said, the various schools are allocated housing spaces; in turn, each school has its own process to determine which students received UAH. At SIPA, the Office of Student Affairs facilitates the UAH process, approving students throughout the summer. A number of factors can determine UAH eligibility including geographic distance away from New York, ability for a student to produce a credit report or credit history, among other things. If you pursue UAH, be sure to pursue other housing options until you receive an offer from UAH. UAH is (relatively) expensive. Going with UAH means paying for convenience. To quantify it, UAH offerings price between $850 to $1,500 per month, ($2,300 for couples/family spaces). Depending on the placement and contract, this price may or may not include utilities. The premium you pay relieves the stress of finding a place, using a broker, etc. That said, it is possible to find cheaper housing, with rooms in Morningside Heights going as low as $700, even $600. If you don’t mind venturing two or three stops north on the 1 line, you’ll surely get more for your money. Pro-tips: Make friends with a Columbia person who knows what’s up. They’ll be able to let you into various Facebook groups for housing (some pending activation of your UNI and email). Use OCHA! The Off-Campus Housing Assistance site can be a happy medium between an expensive UAH while still staying within the Columbia community. OCHA compiles a list of spaces posted by Columbia affiliates. Check them out! Bits of advice: Morningside Drive and Morningside Avenue are two different streets! Morningside Drive is the western border of Morningside Park, closer to campus. Morningside Avenue is the Park’s eastern border. Live where you want. Wanna live right next to school? That’s cool. All about the Chelsea life? That’s cool too. As bad gal Riri once said, “Ain’t got not time for no haters, just live your life.” Don’t mind a 30-40 min. bus ride? Check out Astoria in Queens. Great food, affordable places, and it’s an easy trip straight to the campus gates with the M60 Select Bus Service. Note from Admissions: To our incoming students, dont forget to register for the Housing Webinar tomorrow through the Welcome Portal!

Tutor Spotlight Jon, GRE Tutor

This week we're spotlighting Jon,a Boston-based admissions coach and a tutor for Philosophy, German, and the GRE! Jonattended Asbury Universityand majored in History and Philosophy, then proceeded to earn an MAand a PhD in Philosophy at Boston College. He's currently teaching in Boston College's 'Perspectives in Western Culture' program.Interested in working with Jon, either in-person in Boston, or online? Check out Jon'stutor page here! 1) Where are you from? Rural East Texas. 2) What do you do now? I teach in Boston College's 'Perspectives in Western Culture' program. 3) What's the most interesting/wildest thing you're doing this summer? Getting a tour of the White House from an old friend who works there. 4) What's on your summer reading list? Plato's Gorgias; Earnest Nagel's Gà ¶del's Proof ; Andrew McAfee'sThe Second Machine Age. 5) We’re compiling a list of â€Å"amazing feats† throughout history– basically, the intellectual equivalent of climbing Mount Everest. Can you share one of your favorite feats from your field? Aristotle's discovery of formal/syllogistic logic (without which computers would not exist). 6) Given the choice of anyone in the world, living or dead, which 3 people would you invite to your dinner party? What do you imagine you'd talk about? Plato, Rousseau, and Hegel. They would talk about how what normally passes for education (cramming facts into students' heads) transforms the faculty of reason into something servile, instead of something free. 7) Tell us your favorite epic (or not so epic) story from your childhood. Growing up in east Texas, we had a lot of tornadoes. We also had a lot of mobile homes (trailers on wheels), and my family and my 11-year-old self lived in one of them. When a tornado came within 25 yards of our trailer one night, it shattered all the windows and rocked whole trailer several feet from side to side, but left me unscathed. The next day I was climbing in a downed tree, fell out of it, and broke my wrist. 8) Introduce us to your 15 year old self. My 15-year-old self had a mullet that he was very proud of and groomed with great affection. 9) What are your favorite website(s) to browse? MIT Technology Review. The Onion. 10) What’s your absolute favorite (desert island-status) book, or movie? Terrence Malick's Tree of Life. 11) What are 3 (non-generic) things that you’re grateful for? Maxwell's discovery of the electromagnetic spectrum; Max Richter, for his music; Aristotle, for teaching me how to understand myself and how to live. 12) Tell us about the last amazing meal you had. Asian-braised Ox-Shin Bourguignon -- sounds pretentious but it's just a stew made from onions, red wine, star anise, and ox shin; after 5 hours on the stove, it turns into meat candy. 13) What are 3 places you'd like to visit in the next 5 years? Stockholm, Tokyo, and Buenos Aires. 14) If there were one skill that you wish you had mastered, or one subject that you wish you had spent more time learning, what would it be? Piano; advanced mathematics. 15) Share 1 weird fact with us about yourself. I read Dante's Inferno for the first time while working the graveyard shift in a psychiatric hospital. ;

Foods for Healthy Skin - 700 Words

Foods for Healthy Skin Lifestyle habits and genetics play a significant role when it comes to skin health, however; food has a notable contribution in making your skin healthier and at its best or worst as it already is. Choosing the right food can help the skin fight numerous skin problems such as acne, wrinkles and dermatitis. Some may opt to use different beauty products to achieve healthy skin but some of these may do more harm than good. Skin types may differ from person to person thus some beauty products may go well for some, while it can be worse for others. Healthy skin can still be achieved by just changing your daily diet. Choose foods that are known to be very beneficial for the skin health. Here are several food choices†¦show more content†¦Carrots If you want to keep your skin healthy, carrots might be the answer. Carrots have a sweet, minty aromatic taste and crunchy texture. It contains a valuable amount of antioxidants like vitamin C and beta carotene that helps in repairing skin tissue and acts as a shield against the sun’s harsh rays. Shredded or chopped raw carrots are a great addition to salads. Blending pureed carrots for creamy soup or serving it as part of healthy shakes is also a great way in incorporating it to your daily diet. Peppers In some research, women who consume green and yellow vegetables regularly tend to have fewer wrinkles than those who don’t. This may be because of carotenoids, which is an antioxidant that can be found in green and yellow vegetables, like peppers. Adding this nightshade vegetable in your diet can be beneficial for your skin. You can add it in salads, soups, casseroles or just eat it with dips. Pomegranates Pomegranates are packed with polyphenol antioxidants that fights free radicals and regulates the blood flow on the skin giving its rosiness. 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Ask any elite athlete and their answer will probably be much different from that of a vegans answer. Some people may respond with a simple, â€Å" Not eating junk food or any oily and sugary foods.† However, others may give an in depth answer as to the true meaning of health and the exact health benefits of specific foods. This has rose to be a major problem in the concept of â€Å"Healthy eating† because the majority of Americans have an extremely skewed view of what it means toRead MoreWhat Makes A Chicken Potato? Essay1423 Words   |  6 PagesStuffed potato skins transform the humble potato into a finger-licking taste sensation. Add a combination of ingredients you have on hand such as cheese, sour cream, coleslaw, diced bacon and onion to the stuffed potato skins. Healthy Dipping Sauces Dipping sauces turn stuffed potato skins into a mid-week evening meal that can rival the restaurants for quality and taste. The good thing is that you ca n create your own healthy dipping sauce, so that you know what has gone into it. Ranch dressingRead MoreMicronutrients: Vitamin B Vitamin1368 Words   |  6 PagesMariam Haider Micronutrients Vitamins Written Task Design Brief; Foods are not ‘pure’ substances. Although referred to as protein foods, or carbohydrate foods, this only recognized the food to be high in a particular nutrient. In fact, foods are mixtures of different nutrients and other chemical substances such as toxins, pigments and additives. Protein, carbohydrates and fat are regarded as macronutrients due to the size of their molecules. These nutrients are needed in large quantities

The Veil Worn By A Middle Eastern Woman - 1837 Words

Abayas, shailas, burkas, and chadors: all are forms of veiling in the Middle East, and all are perceived as symbols of oppression and patriarchy by the West. The veil worn by a Middle Eastern woman is striking and beautiful in its simplicity and elegance. The hijab, the most common form of veiling, leaves only the face visible with the neck and hair completely covered. Onlookers are in awe at the mystery and symbolism associated with the many veils created out of fine, exotic silk. But such notions of oppression and patriarchy often associated with veiling are not only inherently biased and ironic – it would be interesting to explore the symbolism behind a mini-skirt or a pair of five-inch heels, no? – but they are also inaccurate. Although veiling has most definitely been used in the Middle East as a â€Å"mechanism in the service of patriarchy, a means of regulating and controlling women’s lives† (Hoodfar, 5), it has also been used as a mode for rebellio n and self-expression. Marjane Satrapi, an Iranian woman who grew up during the Islamic revolution, resisted the regime and the universalizing nature of the veil in the hope that she could maintain her individual identity whilst communicating her political ideologies. By examining the way in which the veil is represented in Satrapi’s graphic memoir, Persepolis, while also considering the history of veiling in Iran, it will become evident that the veil is not just a political tool used by male chauvinists; it also presents anShow MoreRelatedAnalysis A Look behind the Veil1476 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis Project of â€Å"A Look Behind the Veil† Thesis statement: Middle-Eastern and North African clothing culture is distinguished from other cultures by the veil, a clothing that provokes many reactions from authors and debates between the Western and Eastern people. Subject: The main topic of this text is the veil in North African and Middle-Eastern regions. Western people and Middle-Eastern people do not share the same opinion about its use, while the occidental region considers it as a simpleRead MoreThe Bombing Of The Twin Towers872 Words   |  4 Pagestoward the Middle East. The War on Terrorism began in earnest. This war has brought about more than one conflict. As a nation, the United States is unique. The government is not run by any particular regime or religion, there is freedom. Yet, this is our unique brand of freedom. The Middle East is full of peoples with their own way of life that do not necessarily agree with the way we see freedom. Lila Abu-Lughod discusses one of the many difference between the United States and the Middle East, theRead MoreMiddle East Women1551 Words   |  7 PagesJay Sammelmann Dr. Holzhauer UI350-01 4/24/13 Women of the Middle East The women of the Middle East are very interesting to look in to. They are not just another person or treated by the same standards like they are treated here in the United States. There is a lot of controversy and fighting for women’s rights throughout the Middle East. They have an extreme lack of power there and they are fighting to change that. It is not right that women are such inferior people over there because theyRead MoreThe Muslim Veil1207 Words   |  5 PagesThe Muslim Veil The veil worn by many Muslim women tends to be a stereotyped piece of clothing. Many of us in the United States see it and automatically assume that the person is a terrorist, but what do we really know about the Muslim veil? Caryle Murphy, a writer for The Christian Science Monitor, thinks that we do not fully understand the complexity of the Muslim veil. In â€Å"Behind the Veil: Why Islam’s Most Visible Symbol Is Spreading,† Murphy writes that â€Å"Rarely in human history has a pieceRead MoreA Google Search For The Term Muslim Women 1735 Words   |  7 Pagesignorance of non-western interpretations of liberation. The controversy of Muslim veiling, even in Middle Eastern countries, is often interpreted through a western lens, with a focus on the concept of ‘modernity.’ Besides from citing issues of patriarchal discrimination with the veil, Islamic feminists argue for their unveiling as an acceptance of modern times and more progressive society, claiming that the veil is tied to politics rather than religion; women who see it as a political symbol say that, unveiledRead MoreAspects of Islam that Conflict with the Common Beliefs and Ideals of the Secular Worldview826 Words   |  3 Pagesto their muslim religion. The dress code of a large number of Muslim women centrally revolves around the burqa, which is a head-to-toe garment worn exclusively by women for the purpose of concealing their bodies and/or face. The burqa is viewed as a symbol of deep faith in the Muslim religion. The burqa is worn throughout most Muslim and Middle Eastern nations, with a few democratic or liberal governments being less strict about its use. Many Western nations argue that the burqa represents pureRead MoreUnveiling The Hijabist When Faith Meets Fashion1660 Words   |  7 Pages‘traditional covering for the hair and neck that is worn by Muslim women’. According to the Qur’an (24:31), this word refers to ‘†¦ to wrap their covering over their chests†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, which points to the modest sartorial style of Muslim women in general. It is important to note that Muslim women in hijab are constantly displayed in both everyday life and various media platforms. As such, donning a hijab becomes the most visible distinction between a Muslim woman and those of other faiths prescribing to WesternRead MoreKite Runner Essay1249 Words   |  5 PagesSince the beginning of time, women have had to fight rigorously for basic human rights. In the western stratosphere, those human rights were achieved in the early 20th century, but in a lot of eastern countries the battle for the women is just beginning, or worse hasnt even started. Women in Afghanistan have been subject to heinous circumstances, even though their religion, Islam demanded that men and women be equal before God,(Qazi). Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner offers a very insightfulRead MoreWhat is anthropology and why we should study it?1857 Words   |  8 Pagesunderstanding the others culture. This might not have been possible without the education of that groups culture. The presentation of the Veil was very informative because it showed me a different side of women wearing the veil. Before the presentation I looked at the veil as unfashionable attire worn by Middle Eastern women. After the presentation I realized that the veil represents the culture and magnifies the women who wear them. The American culture today does not really emphasize being pure in bodyRead MoreDo Muslim Women Need Saving?1484 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom the Taliban-and-the-terrorists as a justification for the War on Terror. Westerners view head coverings like burqas/hijabs as restrictive, a symbol of the patriarchy. In fact, many Middle Eastern women describe burqas as ‘portable seclusion’ that enables them to move out of segregated living spaces. Veils are worn as fashion statements or to express piety/virtue or belonging to a household. This exact worrisome practice of colonial feminism focuses more on the religious and cultural practices that

The 4 Best Calculus Apps to Download

Mesopotamian Civilization - 1351 Words

Mesopotamian Civilization Wedged between the Tigris and Euphrates River, the first civilization and founder of the many methods and ideas we hold today, now lay in ruins under the desert sands of present day Iraq. Mesopotamia is home to the invention of writing, our twelve month lunar based calendar, the wheel, the division of minutes to seconds, and the opening of the first routes to import and export trade. The Sumerians of Mesopotamia were enveloped by environmental conditions that constantly tested their skills and intellect for survival. This need for survival served as the basis that called forth the invention of methods and ideas that overtime increased and spiraled into the creation of a higher human society. Nature threatened†¦show more content†¦Beneath the dominate rule, the large city-states thrived of diverse cultures, languages, and religions. There were constant battles and wars between these cities-state over boundaries, the show of power, and resources. The weak fell and the dominant survived. The Sumerians not only fought amongst themselves but were on attack by outside peoples like the Akkadians. Even though the Sumerians were sometimes overcome, those who were victorious still adopted their lifestyle and systems. It is here that the monarchy system was developed which was commanded by a priest-king, who ruled through bureaucrats. It was through this system that larger areas were able to be governed and duties such as judging disputes, organizing military, administrating crops, protecting the people, and administrating trade was possible. This was mostly put in the responsibility of the priest who overlooked the state and status of the people. The main cities of the Sumerian civilization were Nippur, Uruk, Girsu, and Ur. The ancient homes mainly consisted of either mud and brick huts or reeds that were interwoven for strength and stability. The daily life was centered around each city’s main temple where offerings and prayers were brought to the gods. The Sumerian religion was polytheistic, with human-like gods who carried emotional traits such as love, hate, and anger. Each divinity ruled over a city and instilled fear and respect into theShow MoreRelatedMesopotamian Literature : The Civilization1005 Words   |  5 PagesCivilization came a long way since what it first was. Human creativity was the root of the evolution of civilization. The basics of human survival in the Stone Age were creating fire, heat, clothing, and food from the surrounding resources of the lands. There were also many different cultural aspects among people in this age. In early Mesopotamia, the Mesopotamians and the Egyptians had a communal outlook on religion. Although their religious outlook was the same, they viewed the world in many differentRead MoreThe Egyptian And Mesopotamian Civilizations1468 Words   |  6 Pages The Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations were both one of the oldest civilizations in the world. They are considered by most scholarly historians and writers as the cradles of human civilizations. In these two geographical areas, the earliest cities in the world history appeared. As civilizations contemporary to each other, Egypt and Mesopotamia present several similarities and contrasts. Egypt was an ancient civilization in Northeastern Africa concentrated along the Nile river. It wasRead MoreEssay on Analyzing Early Mesopotamian Civilization1092 Words   |  5 Pagesanalyzing ancient civilization and how it began, there are many elements and aspects that should be considered. Questions such as how did civilization be gin? What lead to its creation? Where did it begin, and why in that particular location? Many of these questions can be examined and answered by researching what many believe is the world’s earliest civilization, Mesopotamia. It is widely believed that this region was chosen and supported one of the world’s first civilizations. This area wasRead MoreThe Mesopotamian Civilization1548 Words   |  7 PagesFor 7000 years the sweltering sand of the Iraqi desert has held remnants of one the earliest known civilization, the Mesopotamians. Since then, literary historians and scholars have uncovered myths revealing an unforeseen buried past. These hallowed accounts have become the center focus of explaining the early history of the Mesopotamian civilization, and the natural phenomenon’s that have existed. In particular, the Babylonian epic of creation, Enuma Elish, which served the purpose of explainingRead MoreThe Mythology Of The Mesopotamian Civilization1233 Wo rds   |  5 PagesMesopotamian civilization holds the title for oldest religion, but really what they had was what we call today, mythology. It is the first record we have of any religion. Everything they did was to please and pacify the gods so that they could go through their lives without any unexpected events. They believed that there was a god for different things such as the sun, love, death, storm and wind. They relied on the gods to control natural disasters. When catastrophes happened it was because somethingRead MoreGilgamesh s Influence On The Mesopotamian Civilization939 Words   |  4 Pagesthat Gilgamesh is an important historical hero that influenced the society to have a relationship with gods, view there gods, and on how divinity impacts culture in the Mesopotamian civilization. Throughout this essay I will address the main purposes and analyze the influence of Gilgamesh for his society. To begin with the Mesopotamians believed in the gods and goddesses. They would praise them for a significant reason either if its water, nature, wind, sun, etc. and each god has their own specific powersRead MoreMesopotamian Civilization : Mesopotamia The Land Of Rivers3727 Words   |  15 PagesEric Zhang NE STUD 105A Veldhuis 12/4/14 Mesopotamian Pastimes Mesopotamia—the land of rivers. Encompassed by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the Ancient Mesopotamian civilization spanned thousands of years and has a deep and rich history. As a result, the culture is widely considered to be the cradle or birthplace of Western Society. Although most of the perception of their history is derived from famous texts and literary stories, there is also an equally important aspect of life in examiningRead MoreThe Main Features Of Egyptian And Mesopotamian Civilizations1364 Words   |  6 Pagesmetalworking. Overall, agriculturally based societies made it easier to form larger and more advanced societies. Compare the main features of Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations. What did the two civilizations have in common as early civilizations? What were their main differences in values and organization? To compare Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations, one can look at their organization, academic achievements, and economic styles. In terms of organization, there were many similarities. Both wereRead MoreAncient Civilizations : Ancient Mesopotamian Descent Essay2143 Words   |  9 Pagesholds the technical definition of a civilization. In order for a society to also wear the title of civilization, it is necessary to develop a form of writing and a system to accompany it (McCants, 28) The first recorded of western civilizations to be established were those of Mesopotamian descent, located in the city-state of Sumer or what is now known as present day Iraq (Crawford, 73). In Sumer, this writing system, defining them as the first known civilization was known as cuneiform and has provedRead MoreCivilization is Connected from the Mesopotamians to the Powerful Roman Empire836 Words   |  4 Pagesleft an enduring influence. Society has developed many components which became foundationa l to Western culture from the Mesopotamian civilizations to the emergence of the Romans. The contributions of a variety of cultures shaped the course of Western history. The Mesopotamians and Egyptians are among the first civilizations to make a valuable contribution to Western Civilization. Both Babylonians and Egyptians managed to produce written systems of communicating ideas. The Babylonians created wedge-shaped

Walt Whitman Poetic Devices Free Essays

Poetic Devices Walt Whitman: Parallel Structure – In â€Å"I Hear America Singing† lines 2-8 are the best examples of Parallel Structure. Those of mechanics, each one singing his as it should be blithe and strong, The carpenter singing his as he measures his plank or beam, The mason singing his as he makes ready for work, or leaves off work, The boatman singing what belongs to him in his boat, the deckhand singing on the steamboat deck, The shoemaker singing as he sits on his bench, the hatter singing as he stands, The wood-cutter’s song, the plowboy’s on his way in the morning, or at noon intermission or at sundown, The delicious singing of the mother, or of the young wife at work, or of the girl sewing or washing, Free Verse – Free verse is a poem that is written without any type of rhyme in it and â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider† is a perfect example. It doesn’t rhyme, but to make the poem make sense he uses repetition, metaphor, alliteration and personification. We will write a custom essay sample on Walt Whitman Poetic Devices or any similar topic only for you Order Now Apostrophe – An example of apostrophe in â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider† was when the narrator addresses his soul. Mood – in the beginning mood of the poem â€Å"When I Heard the Learned Astronomer† was kind of tired and sick. But in the second part of the poem his mood changes it to kind of romantic. Catalog – Catalog is like to make a list, and Whitman makes a list of worker like carpenter, mason, wood maker, etc. in the poem â€Å"I hear America Singing† How to cite Walt Whitman Poetic Devices, Essay examples

Eco-Industrial Park free essay sample

In our Eco-Industrial Park Handbook for Asian Developing Countries  (download it)  Ã‚  we have updated the concept and strategies and incorporated cases from Asia. (This work was supported by the Environment Department of the Asian Development Bank. ) We now define the EIP concept as: An eco-industrial park or estate is a community of manufacturing and service businesses located together on a common property. Member businesses seek enhanced environmental, economic, and social performance through collaboration in managing environmental and resource issues.By working together, the community of businesses seeks a collective benefit that is greater than the sum of individual benefits each company would realize by only optimizing its individual performance. The goal of an EIP is to improve the economic performance of the participating companies while minimizing their environmental impacts. Components of this approach include green design of park infrastructure and plants (new or retrofitted); cleaner production, pollution prevention; energy efficiency; and inter-company partnering. We will write a custom essay sample on Eco-Industrial Park or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Materials Flows and Waste Management for the Whole Site Emphasize pollution prevention, especially with toxics; Ensure maximum re-use and recycling of materials among EIP businesses;   Reduce toxic materials risks through integrated site-level waste treatment; and   Link the EIP to companies in the surrounding region as consumers and generators of usable byproducts via resource exchanges and recycling networks. Water Design water flows to conserve resources and reduce pollution through strategies similar to those described for energy and materials.Effective EIP Management In addition to standard park service, recruitment, and maintenance functions, park management does the following: * Maintains the mix of companies needed to best use each others by-products as companies change;   * Supports improvement in environmental performance for individual companies and the park as a whole;   * Operates a site-wide information system that supports inter-company communications, informs members of local environmental conditions, and provides feedback on EIP performance. Construction/RehabilitationNew construction or rehabilitation of existing buildings follows best environmental practices in materials selection and building technology. These include recycling or reuse of materials and consideration of lifecycle environmental implications of materials and technologies. The first pioneers who are developing eco-industrial parks are applying previously tested concepts and practices in an innovative whole system.

ELISA Test

Question: Discuss about theELISA Test. Answer: Overview This review aims to describe a rapid diagnostic assay using a Protein Technology. The assay that has been selected is ELISA Test. ELISA refers to Enzyme Linked Immunsorbent Assay. It is a well-known method and is most widely used rapid diagnostic assay. It is typically performed for detecting the presence and/or quantity of a target protein present in an experimental sample. The method of detecting the target protein is made possible through antibodies that make this technique as an immunoassay1. This test has been utilized as a diagnostic tool in the plant pathology and medicine. It is also utilized as a quality-control test in different industries. There are different types of ELISA Test namely, Indirect ELISA, Direct ELISA, Sandwich ELISA and Competitive and Inhibition ELISA. It is an important tool to determine the concentrations of serum antibody and it is a simple, versatile, sensitive and quantitative test. Method ELISA is concerned with the detection of an analyte, which is a specific substance and its presence is analyzed either qualitatively or quantitatively in a liquid medium through a method, which continues to utilize the liquid reagents throughout the analysis. The method of ELISA involves the separation of a number of components of an analytical reaction blend through the adsorption of certain constituents on a solid phase that has been physically immobilized. The addition of a liquid sample is carried on a stationary solid phase having exceptional binding properties and it is followed by numerous liquid reagents, and their addition, incubation and washing is carried out and is followed by a few visual changes such as development of color by the product of the enzymatic reaction 2. (Source: Takwoingi, Leeflang and Deeks. 2013) The sensitivity of process of detection is dependent on the signal amplification in the course of the analytical reactions. The generation of signal takes place by the enzymes that are linked foe detecting the reagents in fixed quantities. This is the reason, why this assay is given the enzyme linked. This test comprises of the components such as coated plates, substrate, conjugate, sample diluent, wash concentrate, controls and stop solution. The equipments of this test comprise of Dilutors, pipettes, ELISA plate readers and washer systems. Some of the other equipments include Incubator and Humidity chamber 3. The first step of this method involves the coating of antibody, in which the immobilization of a specific antibody is carried out on the plates that are meant for binding of a specific protein and is kept for overnight incubation. The blocking of plates is carried out with an unrelated protein such as albumin 7. The second step involves capturing the protein. This step is initiated with the addition of samples as well as standard solutions and their capturing takes place by the bound antibodies. The third step involves the detection of antibody in which the addition of specific biotinylated detection antibody to the wells is carried out for enabling the detection of the protein that has been captured8. In the fourth step, the addition of Streptavidin conjugated with horseradish peroidase (HRP) or alkaline phosphatise carried out and this leads to the binding with the biotinylated antibody. In the next step, addition of colorimetric substrate to the wells is performed and it results i n the formation of a coloured solution when it is catalyzed through the enzyme. In the final step, the analysis is performed by measuring the absorbance in a ELISA reader and the determination of the amount of protein is also carried out 4. (Source: Takwoingi, Leeflang and Deeks. 2013) Usefulness and Cost of the Technology ELISA is useful for detecting the presence of an antigen on antibody within a sample. It plays a significant role for determining the concentrations of serum antibody in a virus test. This test has an important application in the food industry for the detection of allergens in the food products. It is also applied in the situations of outbreak of disease for keeping a track on the spreading of diseases such as STDs, cholera and HIV6. It is also used to detect the antibodies in the blood sample for previous exposure to diseases like trichinosis and Lyme disease. The successful detection of antigens such as pregnancy hormones can be easily carried out by this test. It has proved to be an accurate quantitative method that can be used for the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis. The tests of ELISA are usually inexpensive and the companies that manufacture the test kits keep a low-cost for the customers 5. It is performed for detecting the presence and/or quantity of a target protein present i n an experimental sample. The method of detecting the target protein is made possible through antibodies that make this technique as an immunoassay. It has been utilized as a diagnostic tool in the plant pathology and medicine. It is also utilized as a quality-control test in different industries (Source: Takwoingi, Leeflang and Deeks. 2013) Comparison with DNA or other Technologies The ELISA test is different with DNA and other technologies as ELISA is a test which is used for detecting the presence of proteins in a sample, instead of DNA i.e. this test cannot be used for the detection of DNA 4. On the other hand, the tests like Southern blotting; Recombinant DNA technology is utilized for detecting DNA in animal or plant sample. DNA technology involves a set of diverse techniques, which allows the researchers foe examining, changing and creating new genetic substance. It ranges from the identification of criminals, creation of new biological products and involves the work of individuals from diverse disciplines. It also helps to understand the mechanisms of life, to solve mysteries and crimes and create solutions for nutrition along with healthy. Therefore, it differs largely in comparison to the ELISA test 6. To sum up, the ELISA test is a simple and a rapid diagnostic assay and offers a variety of advantages over the other techniques that are used in proteomics or protein technology in an efficient manner. Therefore, it plays a significant role and has varied applications that makes it a choice by the scientists and researchers. References Heick J, Fischer M, Kerbach S, Tamm U, Popping B. Application of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous detection of seven allergenic foods in flour and bread and comparison of the method with commercially available ELISA test kits. Journal of AOAC International. 2010 Dec;94(4):1060-8. Takwoingi Y, Leeflang MM, Deeks JJ. Empirical evidence of the importance of comparative studies of diagnostic test accuracy. Annals of internal medicine. 2013 Apr 2;158(7):544-54. Gan SD, Patel KR. Enzyme immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2013 Sep 30;133(9):1-3. Singhal S, Mittal V, Khare V, Singh YI. Comparative analysis of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and direct microscopy for the diagnosis of Giardia intestinalis in fecal samples. Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology. 2015 Jan 1;58(1):69. Burrows AS. Matrix Effects on the Detection of Milk and Peanut Residues by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA). Heginbotham A, Millay V, Quick M. The Use of Immunofluorescence Microscopy and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assayas Complementary Techniques for Protein Identification in Artists' Materials. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation. 2013 Jul 18. Vashist SK, Schneider EM, Luong JH. Rapid sandwich ELISA-based in vitro diagnostic procedure for the highly-sensitive detection of human fetuin A. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2015 May 15;67:73-8. Zhou F, Wang M, Yuan L, Cheng Z, Wu Z, Chen H. Sensitive sandwich ELISA based on a gold nanoparticle layer for cancer detection. Analyst. 2012;137(8):1779-84.

Want to Learn How to Improve Your Grades? Check Out These Aspiration Essay Samples

Want to Learn How to Improve Your Grades? Check Out These Aspiration Essay SamplesIf you are a student who is very eager to improve your grades, then maybe it's time to pick up one of the available aspiration essay samples and improve your grades right away. However, before you take the plunge, you need to ensure that you will be able to understand how to use the particular essay software or 'template' well enough to get your desired results.Before you go in for this, it's very important to improve your typing skills, for this is the most essential thing. Once you understand how to get the best out of your essay writing skills, you will be able to get more in-depth information out of your subject. You may also find it useful to read an aspiration essay sample.Let's first think about what constitutes a good writing sample. A good aspiration essay sample is usually short and concise. It should contain lots of information about the person or organization, but still does not go into a gr eat deal of detail. For example, if you are interested in using online software, you need to understand exactly what software the writing sample is for, for instance, a coursebook, a course, a web site or software or even for a map, it's all the same.A good writing sample should let you vary the style to your own style. You may want to tailor your writing according to the choice of words that you chose, to make it more interesting, but still readable. Also, when reading, you will realize that the only format that is required is to copy and paste the text you want to be read from the screen.To sum up, we can say that using an aspiration writing sample to write your own personal essays is not really required at all. What you will be able to do is to get a couple of paragraphs written and add your personal comments in the proper places.In fact, if you are just starting out, it's better to start out by copying and pasting simple sentences from the writing software and copy and pasting t he text in the correct place. Eventually, you will get good enough at writing an essay that you can write what you want to say on your own, although you will be sure to work with an excellent writing software.Motivation is also important for your writing. To know more about aspiration writing samples, you can visit my website.

How expectancy theory and equity theory might be used to motivate graduate trainees working in a large organisation Essay Example

How expectancy theory and equity theory might be used to motivate graduate trainees working in a large organisation Paper There are two main theories behind motivation; Expectancy theory and Equity theory. Expectancy theory, developed by Edward Tolman, is known as a cognitive theory and was brought about to dispute previous behaviourist theories. Equity theory looked at by J. Stacy Adams, is a process theory which is actually based on the idea of inequity. Motivation among graduate trainees can vary depending on the circumstances surrounding an individuals employment. If they are in a career that they are extremely passionate about, they will likely put in more effort than someone who has no real determination. Graduates are likely to be in a job for one of two reasons. They will either be there to get a foothold in the profession that they want to ultimately work in, or to make a lot of money to pay off their student debts. However in both cases, an individual will want to feel rewarded and that they are being treated fairly and in an equitable manner to their peers. We will write a custom essay sample on How expectancy theory and equity theory might be used to motivate graduate trainees working in a large organisation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How expectancy theory and equity theory might be used to motivate graduate trainees working in a large organisation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How expectancy theory and equity theory might be used to motivate graduate trainees working in a large organisation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although Edward Tolman and Kurt Lewin were the first people to pioneer Expectancy theory, it was Victor Vrooms (1964) studies that applied the model to workplace motivation. The theory looks at peoples choice in options left open to them and suggests that an individuals motivation is dependent on how much they want something and their likelihood of achieving it. To ensure that graduates in an organisation are motivated, the company must first recognise the components that make up motivation. These are effort, direction and persistence. Effort looks at what actually motivates an individual while direction determines what behaviours an individual chooses. Persistence examines the role in which sustaining or halting a particular behaviour is important. Once a company understands that its graduates are likely to be motivated if all these criteria are positive, they can begin to formulate plans for ensuring that their employees are happy and conducting a successful job. The expectancy theory suggests that there are three key areas that an individual must want to succeed in. These are expectancy, instrumentality and valence. Vroom suggested a formula and it implied that if an individual put no value on any of the areas they would not be motivated. It is therefore important for a company to ensure that their graduates place value on all three areas, as shown in the diagram below. 1.1 The components of Expectancy Theory While some people believe that each of the components are distinct, it has been shown that there is a link between them and that one leads to another. As the newest employees of a company, graduates will be required to show motivation and a desire to succeed in the company. However if the company provides no set targets or options for them to fulfil the above key areas, there is a likelihood that the motivation would not be shown. Therefore, in order for the company to motivate graduates according to expectancy theory, they must ensure that the more work an individual puts in, it will be recognisable in terms of output. For instrumentality, they should also make clear that the more work an individual does for a company, the quicker they are likely to achieve a promotion or a salary increase. As a graduate, it is likely that an individual will want this promotion but in a case where it might not matter and to ensure that valence is present, it would be important for the company to ensure that the benefits of the promotion outweigh the costs to the individual. In a large organisation it is likely that there will be many graduates but competition to get a place initially may be fierce. It is important for the company to enforce the fact that whilst the individual was lucky to get a place, they very much deserved it and that the company values them as a person and for their talents. This in itself will increase motivation. However, as there will be many others in the same shoes it is important for a company to distinguish between each individual to ensure that their work doesnt go unnoticed. With so many graduates, it is important that whilst distinguishing between all of them, that none are overlooked and all feel equal to one another. J. Stacy Adams (1963, 1965) statement on equity theory was perhaps the most influential of its time. He argued that we are motivated to act in situations which we perceive to be inequitable or unfair (Buchanan Huczynski, 2004). As a graduate, inequity is likely to occur when an individual believes they are receiving more or less than they think they deserve. In an instance where they may be being better rewarded than their counterparts it may not be of concern to them, but when their counterparts are receiving higher benefits than the individual there will be a great feeling of inequity and maybe inadequacy. Adams model is based on inputs and outputs and they need to be balanced and calibrated against others in the workplace in order to ensure equity as the below diagram shows. 1.2 The components of J. Stacey Adams Equity Theory Graduates are likely to not have any previous experience of being in a workplace and therefore will probably make a lot more comparisons than those higher up the corporate ladder. As seen from the above diagram, the graduates perception of rewards and outputs includes money, recognition, responsibility, praise and enjoyment. If the graduate feels that their peers are receiving a higher token in any of these output areas, they are likely to experience inequity. Their inputs will be things such as effort, commitment, time, reliability and loyalty. As an individuals outputs reduce and an inequity manifests, the individual will feel compelled to act upon this reduction. They will try to correct the inequity as quickly as possible and this may involve lowering productivity, increased absenteeism or a reduced quality of the work produced. However, the limitation with this model is that it leaves inputs and outputs open to interpretation according to individual differences. For example, whilst one graduate might place large value on pay rises, another may think that these are negligible and that promotion and climbing the corporate ladder is more important. Adams believes that there are strategies for reducing inequity though and in the case of a graduate where one was being paid more than another for doing similar jobs, then the following steps that an individual would take: 1) Change their outputs (i.e. ask for a pay rise) 2) Change their inputs (i.e. not put in as much effort) 3) Change the other partys outputs (i.e. persuade superiors to cut others pay) 4) Change the other partys inputs (i.e. leave the hard work to others) 5) Change the comparable party (i.e. compare with a different individual) 6) Change attitude to inequity (i.e. reason as to why the other is receiving more outputs) 7) Leave the job Therefore, for an organisation to use equity theory to its advantage and to ensure its graduates continue to be motivated after the first few weeks at the company, it is important to ensure that they feel that their inputs are rewarded by outputs and that their peers are not receiving more outputs than them. Obviously, there will be certain individuals who perform better than others and will deserve higher outputs. When this is the case, the company must ensure that the individuals work is definitely above the standard of their counterparts and that it is made clear to others in the organisation why the said individual received the reward. This will actually have a positive effect on the company in that the other graduates in the company will want to achieve a similar output benefit and therefore be motivated to work harder and in turn their inputs will increase. This will have a spiralling effect which will increase productivity and therefore in turn have a positive effect on the company. Both theories can be used to ensure that the graduates are happy and feel aptly rewarded in their jobs. Expectancy Theory and Equity Theory both take into account the costs to the individual and the rewards that are ultimately expected. It is important for an organisation not to pass these theories by because it may ultimately have a detrimental effect to the reputation of the company. By ensuring that those at the bottom of the firm are enjoying their work and feel aptly rewarded, it will create a positive atmosphere that will ensure that the graduates remain loyal to the organisation and are more likely to stay with them rather than defect to a rival firm.

Science Coursework Essays

Science Coursework Essays Science Coursework Essay Science Coursework Essay For my science coursework I have been asked to carry out an experiment to investigate the strengths of different sodium hydroxide solutions. By the end of my experiment I would like to find out which solution would be the best antacid to overcome indigestion. Indigestion is when acid from your stomach flows back up the oesophagus. I will be testing three sodium hydroxide (Na) solutions which have varying strengths, they are labelled A, B and C. To investigate the strength of each alkali I will use 4 different methods to measure the solutions.Phenolphthalein indicator is added to the antacid to turn it pink. Acid is added to the alkali solution to neutralise it. The amount of Acid which is added to each solution will determine the strength ness of it. Neutralisation is an irreversible chemical reaction; this is when an acid is neutralised by an alkali. This kind of chemical reaction produces reactants which are water and salt. The formula for this is: Acid + Alkali Salt + Water.The e quation for this experiment will be:Hydrochloric Acid + Sodium HydroxideHCl (aq) +NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) +H2O (l)Apparatus:1 x 250cm3 Beaker,1 x 200cm3 Beaker,Pipette Filler,Pipette,Conical Flask,Clamp,Clamp stand,Test tube,Test tube stand,Burette,Measuring cylinder.Sodium Hydroxide solutions A, B and C,Hydrochloric Acid,Phenolphthalein (Indicator),Water.Strategy:In order to make this experiment fair I will be using 4 different methods to measure the acid used to neutralise the antacid solution. I will be using test tubes, beakers, measuring cylinders and the burette/pipette. I will test the equipment to see which method produces the most accurate results. By the end of the experiment I will be able to identify which method is the best and therefore conclude which equipment formed the most precise outcomes.Method 1 (Test Tubes)1. Pour one test tube full of the Sodium Hydroxide into a beaker.2. Add few drops of indicator to turn it pink.3. Add little amounts of HCl from the test tubes, into the solution and wait until it turned colourless.4. Record how many test tubes of HCl it took for the solution to be neutralised.Conclusion of this method:By using this method I found it difficult to record the results accurately. I was unable to control my hand when the acid was being added to the alkali. This made my result unreliable because the correct readings werent taken as the solution turned colourless. Therefore I will not be assessing this strategy as there are many defects and creates unreliable results.Method 2 (Beakers)1. Pour 100cm3 of Sodium Hydroxide in to the smaller beaker.2. Add few drops of indicator to turn pink.3. Use the larger beaker to add the acid to the alkali. Wait till the solution turns colourless.4. Record how much HCl was added to the Sodium Hydroxide.Conclusion of this method:I think this strategy was reasonably reliable as there was more acid in the beaker than the test tube, so I was able to stop as soon as the solution went colourless. Howe ver due to human error I dont think I got completely accurate results. Also as the graduations on the beaker were more spread out, me and my group couldnt tell exactly how much HCl was added to the Sodium Hydroxide. We estimated most of the results for this method. Overall I think this method is undependable as the results wont reflect the true outcomes of the experiment, therefore I will not be assessing this strategy.Method 3 (Measuring cylinders)1. Pour 100cm3 of Sodium Hydroxide into the measuring cylinder.2. Add few drops of indicator to turn pink3. Pour 100cm3 HCl into a measuring cylinder.4. Add HCl to Sodium Hydroxide until it turns colourless. Then record how much HCl was used and take it away from 100cm3Conclusion of this method:I think this method was very accurate because of the amount of graduations of the measuring cylinders. I was able to tell exactly how much acid was needed to neutralise the solutions. This slightly closed the gap for human error as the graduations were more reliable. However, it was difficult to pour acid from one cylinder to the other, sometimes a few drops of solution fell outside the measuring cylinder. This minor problem could affect the outcome of my results, therefore I will not be using this method.Method 4 (Burette Pipette)1. Pour acid into smaller beaker. Pour Sodium Hydroxide into larger beaker.2. Pour acid into the burette up to 0.003. Using the pipette and pipette filler pour 25cm3 of Sodium Hydroxide into a conical flask.4. Add few drops of indicator to turn pink5. Turn the tap of the burette to pour the Acid into the conical flask. Wait till the solution goes colourless.Conclusion of this method:Because of the amount of gradients on the burette, I believe that this is the best method. My results were extremely reliable and I was able to obtain accurate results. There was very little room for human error as the tap enabled me to stop the acid as soon as the solution went colourless. So, I have decided to use thi s method because of the amount of accuracy.Experiment:Method 4 is the overall method I will use as I consider it to be the best experiment to find out which Antacid is the strongest.Here is how to carry out the experiment, step by step:1. Collect all the equipment which is neededs of antacid brands include Rennie and Mucogel, and many of the popular antacid brands contain a mixture of more than one active ingredient. However some antacids can create some Side-effects such as diarrhoea and constipation. Also some antacids contain an ingredient called which forms a barrier that floats on the top the stomach contents to prevent reflux.Evaluation Conclusion:From my results and calculations I think my experiment went well. I did as much as I could to try and make the experiment fair and accurate however it was inevitable that a gap would be open for human errors. During my experiment my group always changed the person who was recording the amount of acid needed and the role of turning t he tap when the solution turned colourless. This may have affected our results as different people observe things in different ways. Someone may have turned the tap too early or too late which would affect the outcome of our results. Also to make my results more firm, I could have repeated the experiment a few more times in order to get a range of results.Human error makes way for things such as, not rinsing out glassware properly, misreading the burette and not detecting the end point accurately. There are other methods that I could have tried out as well such as a pH meter. A pH meter is an electronic instrument used to measure the pH (acidity or alkalinity) of a liquid. A typical pH meter consists of a special measuring probe (a glass electrode) connected to an electronic meter that measures and displays the pH reading. This would have given me more accurate readings.However I think titrations was the best strategy out of all the methods I had tried. It was extremely accurate and only little mistakes could be made. Although I did find a few outliers during my experiment. The biggest outlier I found was the first titration of the whole expermint which was a rough one, the result outcome was 24.30cm whereas the other results were between 25.00-26.00. This may be because the equipment werent cleaned put properly or the results werent read accurately. To make my results even more accurate I could have redone them, however with such a small difference I did not feel that it was not necessary. If I wanted to have strong results I could repeat these experiments where there would not be any outliers whatsoever.In conclusion, I think I chose the finest method to find out which antacid is the best solution to cure indigestion according to the equipment which was available. I tested other strategies and came to a conclusion that they werent accurate enough. Using a burette and pipette, secured my results and made them extremely reliable. My experiment was carried out carefully and precisely in order to get a fair result. Overall I believe my experiment was triumphant, and by the end of it I found out which antacid successfully combats indigestion.

Corporate Ethics from a Bottom-up View Point Research Paper

Corporate Ethics from a Bottom-up View Point - Research Paper Example In establishing an ethics program, a bottom-up approach is recommended (Brown, 2005). This entails engaging all the employees in the discussion and thinking about ethics. This makes it easier to implement as everyone in the company may feel that they had an input in deciding about ethics program. As fact, top-down nostrums are less effective in most organizations. They tend to perpetuate even further, the varied perception toward corporate ethics as perceived by the employees and the top management. Nevertheless, senior managers are known to influence the character and the scope of the organization’s corporate ethics program. They are charged with the responsibility of ensuring the integration of the ethics into the day-to-day routine of the organization. In general, senior managers have much to play in the successful implementation and management of ethics in an organization. Thus, their take and perception on ethics matters a lot. Research has evidenced that senior manager in most companies exhibit a more positive perception towards organizational ethics as compared to the lower level managers and employees. On the other hand, lower level managers and employees tend to be more cynical when it comes to business ethics in organizations. Thus, there is a clear contrast in perception towards organizational ethics between the two groups. Even so, many senior managers have proved to be ignorant of the ethical problems and matters affecting their organization. This plays a pivotal role in discouraging ethics as well as perpetuating the differences in perception towards ethics in most organizations.... Thus, there is a clear contrast in perception towards organizational ethics between the two groups. Even so, many senior managers have proved to be ignorant of the ethical problems and matters affecting their organization. This plays a pivotal role in discouraging ethics as well as perpetuating the differences in perception towards ethics in most organizations. On the other hand, a substantial number of lower level managers and employees perceive ethics programs, mission statements, codes of conducts among other ethics-related programs to be of little help or of no value to them. The employees also believe that the top managers usually are out-of-touch in matters concerning ethics. They believe that the top managers tend to avoid any discussion about ethics. According to Byron (2006), this is attributed to the fact they are too busy for ethical issues or they are just deliberately avoiding responsibility. There is also escalating tendency of cynicism of the lower level employees and the higher level managers. The lower level employees tend to psychologically distance themselves from the top managers in several instances. The positive perception towards organizational ethics as exhibited by senior management has been attributed to various reasons. Their social interaction and their role expectation is one of the reasons. Another reason is the link between the senior mangers identity and that of the organization. In this regards, senior managers usually play a significant role in the establishment of the organization reputation. According to Trevino, Weaver and Brown (2007), they tend to identify themselves strongly with the organization as well as its image. On the contrary, lower level managers and employees are less likely to identify themselves with the

Publi Pension Replacement Rates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Publi Pension Replacement Rates - Essay Example Even the marital status is a point of concern for some countries. The earnings level of the worker is also taken into account. This level dictates the amount of their contribution. The duration of membership of a worker in the pension plan is factored in in the replacement rate computation. Another cause of the variance is the type of employment, whether it is full-time or part-time. The public pension replacement rate was a major contributing factor in the debt burden of Greece. The average earner with a full career in an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) country, of which Greece belongs, has a pension replacement rate of 58.7% of earnings (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2007). However, in Greece, the replacement rate was at a high of 96% of earnings (OECD, 2007). This rate is considered to be very high. In 2010, Greece’s pension system had approximately 400 billion euros or $509 billion in unfunded liabilities (Oxford Analytica, 2010). The excessively high replacement rate forced the Greek government to make emergency grants to meet the pension outlays (Oxford Analytica, 2010). Nektarios describes the Greek public pension system as one which is â€Å"highly segmented and complex, containing over 300 funds, with many different regulations for pension rights† (n.d.). Because of these chara cteristic of the public pension plan, it was difficult for the government to manage. One proof that the public pension replacement rate contributed largely on the debt problem of Greece are the reforms in the pension plan that were instituted by the EU and the IMF. Some of these reforms that were dictated upon on Greece include introduction of a unified statutory retirement age of 65 by December 2013; the gradual increase in the minimum contribution period for retirement; and the reduction of pension benefits to be based on the pensioners average pay over their working lives

Design Distance Measurer Based On Fpga Information Technology Essay

Design Distance Measurer Based On Fpga Information Technology Essay There are variety applications in range finder devices. Their main use is in areas where traditional measuring devices such as rulers, tape measures and other measuring devices are impropriate. Nowadays, the traditional measuring device can be replace by modern measuring device such as distance measurer based on laser. It has been implemented in short range distance even long range distance. The idea for using laser for range finding came when we can see that contractor had many problems in measuring the distance of the building especially from the floor to the ceiling. When it came to very high ceiling, such as in hall, stadium even close sport-court, the use of rulers or tape measures really a waste of time even need very hard work. This can be classified as uses in low tech world but in the high tech world, this distance measurer based on laser can be use with binocular in military use, especially for sniper. The observer can get the real distance of the enemy where the sniper can snipe from very far distance. This project is designed to be a laser distance measurer of detecting the distance of the object (wall) up to 10 meter away. The design based on simple physics, the distance travelled between two locations can be easily calculated if the speeds of travel are known. This device calculates the time is takes for a laser travel to, rebound off and return from a stationary object 1.2 Problem Statement Before this, we measure the distance using ruler or measuring tape, so this project design is to help human being by saving time and effort so we can measure the distance faster than before. With the help of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) and the laser sensor, the design is more advance with the one click system and we can get the distance measurement by no time. In military use, the project will help by saving the life of the sniper as well. 1.3 Objective of the Project The objective of this project is to design distance measurer based on laser using FPGA as the microcontroller of the design. 1.4 Project Scope This project paper will involve in the analysis and design distance measurer based on laser, and FPGA as the microcontroller. These concepts are: The user will press the button as input. The laser will activate and laser beam will go direct to the object or surface. Laser beam will hit the object or surface and reflected it back. The sensor will picks up the signal. The flight time from the start and end will be measured. The corresponding distance of the reflecting object or surface is displayed in digital which is in 7 segment display. A few things that need to be considered for this design are: Types of laser sensors. How the instrumentation operates. Output characteristic. Many more issues need to be taken for consideration and this issue will be approached further in the coming chapters. 1.5 Project Plan Generally, this project is divided into five main chapters; namely Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Results and Discussion and Conclusion. CHAPTER 1 discusses on project overview, problem statement, the objective of the project, the scope in order to achieve the objective of the project and the thesis outline. CHAPTER 2 will focus on the literature review of the theory of laser based distance measurer and its development. There are also detailed introduction of the project and the background of various types of FPGA controller, i.e. VHDL, Verilog-HDL, Altera Quartus.. CHAPTER 3 describes about the methodology that will be used in order to complete this project which include the design of laser distance measurer using FPGA as the controller. This will include the selection of the technique use to measure the distance using the laser and the program to be compile with the FPGA board. Furthermore, it also discuss about how the program work on the hardware so that the project with give the result that I want. CHAPTER 4 discusses on the simulation results obtained. The detailed discussion is made to verify the performance and characteristics of the project. It will also discuss the problems and findings throughout the design and simulation of the system. CHAPTER 5 reviews the project outcomes upon the completion. Some suggestions are also made for better improvement in the future so that if anyone want to continue this project for better performance, they will know the basic of how this project start.. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Distance measurement Distance is a numerical description of how the objects are apart. In physics or everyday discussion, distance may refer to a physical length, or an estimate based on other criteria. In mathematics, a distance function or metric is a generalization of the concept of physical distance (Distance, 2010). In science, measurement is the process of estimating or determining the magnitude of a quantity like length or mass, compared with a measurement unit, like a meter or a kilogram (Measurement, 2010). The measure term can also be used to refer to a specific result obtained by the method of measurement Distance measurement is a process where we need distance measuring instrument which can measure the distance if the distance is short or long. The SI unit for each measurement is the meter (m) but there are many units of length such as feet, yard, inches etc, but they are not classified as SI unit of length. Remote sensing using the light sensor is widely used for implementing mobile robot. The main attraction of the distance light detecting means is its user friendliness of how to use it without need knowledge about it. The measurement precision is somewhat limited and care must be taken to ensure that the environment is not subject to temperature changes and the sensor should not be confused by stray reflections from material adjacent to the target. Even with these limitations, laser range finder has a wide application especially when the target is far away and the action required is low. But sometimes the laser must be reflected after the laser strike any target, which means that if the laser hit a transparent material, the calculation cannot be done. But the light system based on distance measurement are inherently more accurate than ultrasound techniques because of the narrow beam angles commonly used and the restrictions of freedom inevitably fundamentally mechanical acoustic signal generation and detection. These are wide ranges of techniques that can be used to measure distance using light. These vary greatly in cost and function of the laser distance measuring system is very expensive in cost compared to the system for measuring distance using ultrasonic. 2.2 Optical Distance Measurement 2.2.1 Introduction Wide variety of industrial, commercial and research use optical sensor for distance measurement. Most sensors use visible or infrared laser beam to project a light spot on a target, the surface on which distance should be measured, the distance from the place back in the light detecting portion of the probe is measuring several ways There are several factors to consider when specifying a laser distance sensor. They include maximum range, sensitivity, target reflectance and specularity, accuracy and resolution and sampling frequency. 2.2.2 Definition Some of the terms that related to optical sensing (e.g. laser or ultrasonic) and distance measurement that must be take notes as some knowledge before the measurement can be done. Some of the knowledge that must be take notes is defined and described briefly here (Glossary of Laser Sensor Terminology, 2010). Target: When a laser pointed at some surface, the light is reflected into the detector in an optical sensor. This can refer to a surface or material designed to reflect light, in which the sensor is pointed. To determine the maximum range of a sensor, reflectance target is the most important factor Cooperative Target: A target or any material designed by the manufacture to reflect the light to a sensor detector. It also provides the return signal to the receiver input higher after the laser beam and more. Cooperative target include glass cube, reflectors corner, retro reflective tape and other material made by several manufacturers. In some applications, the mirror can also be used as targets of cooperation. Figure 2.1: Cooperative Target (Module 6) Uncooperative Target: The material is not specifically designed to reflect light onto the sensor while taking the measurement. Can be generally referred to an object that scattering light. The term is used because the target in return cannot be reflected beam, this includes metal or painted surfaces, liquids and solids or loose granular Figure 2.2: Uncooperative Target (Module 6) Retro reflection: The reflection of light off a target object or surface back in the direction from which it came, for a wide range of angle of incident, either it came in 180 ° reflection or any degree as long it reflect to it sources. It can be said that the retro reflection will produce minimum scattering light. Retro reflection is achieved through multiple reflections within a retro reflector. Retro reflectors include corner cubes and retro reflective tape. A high quality corner cube retro reflector will return virtually all the light entering it to its source. Corner cubes may be used to extend range hundreds or thousands of times over ordinary surfaces. A corner cube array was left on the moon to allow accurate measurement of its distance from the earth. Some of the example item that commonly being used in many applications is retro reflective tape. It typically consists of microspheres or cubes of glass or plastic which act like many tiny retro reflectors. Figure 2.3: Retro reflection Surface (Retroreflector, 2010) Diffuse Reflection: This terms is being use when a light strikes the target and scattered over a wide angle which mean the incident ray reflected in many angles.. Plain white paper of flat (not glossy) wall paint is good diffuse materials. It can be classified as the best uncooperative targets, and may be measured to over a wide range of incident angles (up to 80 degrees for some materials). Untitled.jpg Figure 2.4: Diffuse Reflection Surface (Diffuse Reflection, 2010) Specular Reflection: It occurs when the light strikes a shiny or mirror-like surface and is reflected away in one angle which is same to the angle it reflects. Glass, liquid surfaces and polished metal are specula and generally it needs a sensor configured specifically for specula surfaces. This behaviour is described in the law of reflection where it totally follows the law itself. Figure 2.5: Specular Reflection Surface (Specular Reflection, 2010) Reflectance: The amount of light reflected from the target, expressed as a percentage of incidents light. Diffuse reflectance refers to the amount of light scattered in all directions by a diffuse target. Specular reflectance refers to the amount of reflected light is reflected for example a mirror. Reflectance depends on the target color and composition and the frequency of light is reflected. Diffuse surfaces often vary from 3% to 95% reflectance. Many surfaces such as pain and glossy coated paper are diffuse and specular components of reflection Maximum Range: The maximum distance of sensors that picks up the reflected light and to obtain an accurate measurement of the distance. The maximum range may be limited by laser power, the amount of light reflected from the target and the sensitivity of the detector. It may also be limited by the measurement method used and the distance that the sensor is accurately calibrated Laser Power: It is the optical power level emitted by the laser sensor. The power can be specified as average power or peak power and average, if the sensor output pulses of intermittent light. If all other factors being equal, the maximum range increases in proportion to the square root of laser power, if power is multiplied by four, it will double the maximum range it can achieved. Laser power is expressed in Watts Mill (mW) or watts (W). Sample Rate: The frequency of a sensor updates its output range. The sampling frequency capability of remote sensors varies widely, depending on the measurement method that being used and the design of the devices. The sampling frequency can be as low as one sample every few seconds and run a million samples per second.. Response Time: It is the delay between the time changes in target position and the time changes of the sensor output. This may be more than one sample interval, if the sensor is processing or calibration of the intermediate samples during transmission of the previous sample and then taking the next measurement. Sensitivity: A measure of the ability to obtain a reading on a dark target or with low laser power. Sensitivity decreases at long ranges. Depth of Field: The span of distance over which a measurement sensor can measure distances accurately. This may be limited by the approach of light focus collection and the maximum distance that reflect enough light to the sensor. These two factors will determine how changes in the sensitivity of the sensor with distance. 2.2.3 Performance Of Optical Sensor On Specula And Diffuse Targets All sensors require a bit of laser light to the back surface of the target to operate. The amount of light needed is a measure of the sensitivity of the device. In general, the most sensitive devices are more expensive and accurate measurement of high sampling frequency requires more thought than for lower sampling frequencies. For diffuse targets, the higher the reflectance of the target, the best performance of a sensor will be. Lightweight materials such as wood, paper or white paint is non-cooperative targets that work well at all distances. The 50 darkest carbonaceous materials feet from a rangefinder can return only one ten-millionth of the light that reaches them at a rangefinder. The maximum range and depth of field can be limited to as little as 1.5 of what is possible with ordinary, light-colours surfaces. In addition to the amount of light a surface reflects the way light is reflected can affect the performance of an optical sensor. Many surfaces are partly specula and partially diffuse. These can be difficult to measure the amount of light reflected to a sensor may vary considerably with the angle of the target surface. 2.2.4 Accuracy, Repeatability and Resolution The accuracy of a sensor is a measure of the difference can be provided between the reading of a sensor and the actual distance measured. The resolution is the smallest change in measured distance. The resolution is the smallest change in the distance a sensor can detect and is usually a value smaller than the precision error. Accuracy can be affected by reflection from the target temperature, ambient light, which will generally not affect the resolution. Repeatability is the measure of the stability of the sensor over time. Generally, the sample repeatability sample will be lower for very fast sampling rates, because less time is used for measuring average. As the sampling frequency is lowered, the repeatability will improve, but this cannot continue indefinitely. Beyond some deceleration rate of the sample, the repeatability will start to get worse as the long-term drift in the components and changes in temperature cause changes in output of the sensor. 2.2.5 Spot Size and Divergence Other specifications which may be important are the laser spot size and divergence of the beam. Some applications require a small spot for high-resolution, measurement while others require a larger diameter spot of averaging rough surfaces or for eye safety concerns. 2.2.6 Visible and Infrared Lasers Both visible and infrared (IR) laser are used in distance measurement. For some applications, the advantage of being able to see the spot is an advantage, while others do not want the place to be seen. For some sensors, they have two versions of visible and infrared. IR versions are slightly more sensitive and more accurate than the version visible and IR models have a wider range of laser powers. 2.2.7 Class of Lasers 2.2.7,1 Class I It has no possibility damaging the eye. That is because of a low power of the output (in which eye damage case is impossible, even after the hours of exposure), or because of an enclosure preventing the access of the users to the laser beam during normal operation, any individual, independently of the conditions of exposure to the eyes or the skin, No one can expect to be wounded by a laser of class I. No requirements of safety are necessary to use with the devices of laser class. The lasers of class I are apparatuses with low power which are regarded as sure of all the potential dangers. Some examples of the use of the laser of class I are as follows: the printers laser, CD-ROM devices, the geological equipment of survey and the laboratory equipment of analysis (Laser Safety, 2010). Figure 2.6: Example of Class I Application Laser Printer (Application of Laser Product, 2008) 2,2,7,2 Class II Class II laser can damage the eyes of the person if deliberately looks in the beam for one prolonged period (i.e > 15 minutes). Power of output can be up to 1 mW. This category includes the lasers that emitting a visible light. Certain pointers lasers are in this category. The lasers of class II are of low power which is less than 1mW, lasers of the visible light which could cause damage with the eyes of a person. Some examples of laser use of class II are: demonstrations in class, the pointers laser, devices of aiming and the distance measuring equipment. Avoid looking in a laser beam of class II or pointing a laser beam of class II in the eyes of another person. Avoid looking at class II of the beams laser with telescopic devices. To carry out that the light of a laser beam of class II in the eyes causes a normal reaction to divert the glance or to close the eyes (Laser Safety Policy, 2010). Figure 2.7: Example of Class II Application Barcode Scanner (Application of Laser Product, 2008) 2.2.7.3 Class IIa Laser class where it is in the low-power output of Class II ans the laser requires in excess of 1000 seconds of continuous viewing to produce a burn to the retina. Commercial laser scanners are in this subclass (Laser Safety, 2010). Figure 2.8: Example of Class IIa Application Laser Disco Light (Starfield Projector, 2007) 2.2.7.4 Class IIIa The lasers of class IIIa are from continuous wave. The lasers in this class are most of the time dangerous in combination with the optical instruments which change the density of diameter or power of beam. The power of the output is not exceeding 5 MW. The density of power of beam cannot exceed 2.5 mW/square centimetres. Many sights of laser for weapons with fire and indicators of laser are in this category of devices with intermediate output power (1-5 mW). Some examples of the uses of laser of class IIIa are identical to that laser of class II with the most popular uses being indicators of laser and modules of laser scanner. The direct viewing of the laser beam of IIIa of class could be dangerous with the eyes. Directly do not look at the laser beam of IIIa of class (Laser Safety, 2010) . Figure 2.9: Example of Class IIIa Application Military Equipment (Marushin M16A1) 2.2.7.5 Class IIIb The lasers in this class can damage if the beam enters the eye directly. This generally applies to the lasers actuated starting from 5-500 mW. The lasers in this category can damage permanent eye with exposures of 1/100th one second or less according to the force of the laser and the lasers at the end of high power of this class can also present a fire hazard and can slightly burn the skin. A diffuse reflection is generally not dangerous but the specular reflections can be like dangerous that is direct exposures. All times that occupying a control field of laser, carry the suitable protection of eye. Protective Eyewear is recommended when the direct viewing of beam of the lasers of IIIb of class can occur. Some examples of the uses of laser of IIIb of class are spectrometry, stereo lithography, and the light of entertainment shows (Laser Safety Policy, 2010). Figure 2.10: Example of Class IIIb Application Military Equipment (Azari, 1998-2009) 2.2.7.6 Class IV The lasers of class which is the majority of entertainment, industrialists, scientists, military and medical are in this category. Some examples of use of laser of class IV are surgery, research, drilling, cutting, welding, and the lasers micromachining in this class produced powers moreover than >500mW or pulsed of >10 J/cm2 in the beam and can damage considerably and permanent the eye or the skin without being magnify by optical system of eye or instrumentation. It can be dangerous to peel or observe diffuse reflexions of the laser beam in the nominal zone of risk. The lasers of class IV are devices of high power. The direct beam and the diffuse reflections of the lasers of class IV are dangerous with the eyes and the skin. The devices of laser of class IV can also be a fire hazard according to the reaction of the target once struck. Orders much larger are required to ensure the sure exploitation of this class of the devices of laser. All times that occupying a control field of las er, carry the suitable protection of eye. The majority of the damage of eye of laser occur reflected beams of the light of laser of class IV, thus maintain all materials reflective left the beam. Do not place your hand or any other part of body in the laser beam of class IV (Laser Safety, 2010). Figure 2.11: Example of Class IV Application Laboratory Equipment (Oxford, 2009) 2.2.8 Method of Measuring Distance Based On Laser Lasers can be used in various ways to measure distances or travel without physical contact. Laser length measurements allow the most sensitive and accurate records for extremely rapid and larger measurement ranges, even if these qualities are usually not combined with a single technique. According to specific requests, very different technical approaches may be appropriate. Some laser applications such as in architecture, inspection of manufacturing facilities, crime scene investigation (CSI), and the army (Paschotta D. R., 2010). 2.2.8.1 Triangular Measurement Method It exploits the ability of a laser beam to propagate in a well-collimated form (ie with small divergence) over long distances. In a typical case, the laser beam illuminates a point and the laser is essentially used as a pointer. Diffuse or specular reflections of this item are followed by a detector that is mounted in a distance from the laser beam, so that the laser source, object and detector form a triangle. The principal is same like the ship trying to find the distance from the shore (Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology, 2010). Figure 2.12: Triangulation Method (B., C., D., 2010) The high detection rate, it is possible to control the position of a moving or vibrating example: part of some machines. The precision obtained is very accurate compared with other devices. For diffuse reflections, the distance may be limited by the obligation to receive a sufficient amount of reflected optical power, with specular reflection, a greater distance can be measured, but a sort of angular alignment is required (Paschotta D. R., 2010). 2.2.8.2 Time-Of-Flight Measurement Method Time of flight measurements are often used to measure a distance, used for example in an airplane, possibly in the form of laser scanning radar. Here, a device sends an optical pulse and measure short time until a reflected portion of the pulse is controlled. The distance is then calculated using the speed of light. This method usually used for measuring distance, like hundreds of meters or several miles. By using advanced techniques (involving high-quality telescopes, very sensitive photo detector, etc..) With the precision of a few centimeters, it is possible to measure e.g. the distance between Earths and to obtain an accurate profile of a dam. Over time, measures are preferably used in flight for long distances, the beam quality of laser source is crucial. For large distances, high pulse energies are required. This may raise issues of laser safety, especially if the laser wavelength is not in the eye safe region. For nanojoule to microjoule pulse energies (as required for medium distances), it is possible to use a chip laser passive Q-switched Er: Yb glass, which can generate pulses rather short (the duration of the order of 1 ns) with pulse energies of Yb: about 10 ÃŽÂ ¼J in the spectral region to eye safety (Paschotta D. R., 2010). 2.2.8.3 Phase Shift Measurement Method The method of phase shift usually use in laser rangefinders, a technique for measuring distances in the following manner. A laser beam with sinusoidally modulated optical power is sent to a target. Some reflected light (diffuse sources or specular reflections) is monitored, and phase modulation power is compared to the light sent. The phase shift obtained is 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ times the time of flight time frequency modulation. This shows that higher modulation frequencies can result in better spatial resolution. Although the phase shift is directly proportional to the duration of the flight, the length of time of flight method should be reserved for cases where one really measures a delay time more directly. Figure 2.13: Phase Shift Method (Dixon Henlich, 1997) With regard to an interferometer, the phase shift method has an ambiguity in the distance, because with the distance from the phase varies periodically. However, the frequency is much greater than in an interferometer, since the frequency modulation is much smaller than the optical frequency. In addition, ambiguity can be easily removed, for example, by measuring with two different modulation frequencies. 2.3 FPGA Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) are ICs that contain an array of identical logic blocks with programmable interconnections. It also can be classified as one of the programmable logic device (PLD). There are also some other type of PLD which is Simple Programmable Logic Device (SPLD) and Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD). The user can program the function realized by each logic block and the connections between the blocks. FPGAs have revolutionized the way prototyping and designing are done. The flexibility offered by reprogrammable FPGAs has enhanced the design process. There are a variety of FPGA products available in market now. Xilinx, Altera, Lattice Semiconductor, Actel, Cypress, Quick Logic and Atmel are examples of companies that design and sell FPGAs. 2.3.1 DE2 Board Figure 2.14: DE2 Board Model EP2C35F672C6 (DE2 Development and Education User Manual) The following hardware is provided on the DE2 board: Altera Cyclone ® II 2C35 FPGA device Altera Serial Configuration device EPCS16 USB Blaster (on board) for programming and user API control; both JTAG and Active Serial (AS) programming modes are supported 512-Kbyte SRAM 8-Mbyte SDRAM 4-Mbyte Flash memory (1 MByte on some boards) SD Card socket 4 pushbutton switches 8 toggle switches 18 red user LEDs 9 green user LEDs 50-MHz oscillator and 27-MHz oscillator for clock sources 24-bit CD-quality audio CODEC with line-in, line-out, and microphone-in jacks VGA DAC (10-bit high-speed triple DACs) with VGA-out connector TV Decoder (NTSC/PAL) and TV-in connector 10/100 Ethernet Controller with a connector USB Host/Slave Controller with USB type A and type B connectors RS-232 transceiver and 9-pin connector PS/2 mouse/keyboard connector IrDA transceiver Two 40-pin Expansion Headers with diode protection 2.3.2 Block Diagram of the DE2 Board Figure 2.15: Block Diagram of DE2 Board Model EP2C35F672C6 (DE2 Development and Education User Manual) 2.3.3 Cyclone II Altera Cyclone II FPGA density range has 68,416 logic elements (GE) and provide up to 622 usable I / O pins and up to 1.1 Mbits of embedded memory. Cyclone II FPGAs are manufactured on 300mm wafers. The low cost and optimized feature set of Cyclone II FPGAs make ideal solutions for a wide range of automotive, consumer, communications, video processing, test and measurement, and other end-market solutions. Devices that support the Fast-On feature are designated with an A in the code of the controller. The EP2C5A is only available in the class of vehicle speed. The EP2C8A and EP2C20A are only available in the category of industrial speed. The EP2C15A is only available with the Fast-On feature and is available in both commercial and industrial categories. Figure 2.16: DE2 Board Model EP2C35F672C6 (DE2 Development and Education User Manual) 2.3.4 Evolution of Programmable Logic An FPGAs has grown in the past twenty years since the introduction. In the early 1970s, Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) had been on the market. These devices used two-level logic structures which are AND plane as the first level of logic which generally fixed while the second level known as OR plane which is programmable. Figure 2.17: Some Example Of PLD Basic Circuit (David, 2006) 2.3.5 FPGA Types Configuration Technology Technology Overview And Features SRAM Based An external device program the device on power up. It allows fast reconfiguration. Configuration is volatile. Device can be reconfigured in circuit. Anti-Fuse Based Configuration is set by burning internal fuses to implements the desired functionality. Configuration is non volatile and cannot be changed. EPROM based Configuration is similar to EPROM devices. Configuration is non-volatile. Device must be configured out of the circuit. EEPROM based Configuration is similar to EEPROM devices. Configuration is non-volatile. Device must be configured out of the circuit. 2.3.6 Advantages of FPGAs However they have compensating advantages, largely due to the fact that they are standard parts. FPGA has larger capacity, more architecture and more register than other PLD. It is because the FPGA is the evolution of the PLD before it. There is no wait from completing the design to obtaining a working chip. The design can be programmed into the FPGA and tested immediately. FPGAs are excellent prototyping vehicles. When the FPGA is used in the final design, the jump from prototype to product is much smaller and easier to negotiate. The same FPGA can be used in several different designs, reducing inventory costs. 2.3.7 Disadvantages of FPGAs FPGAs are not custom parts, so they arent good at any particular function as dedicated chip designed for that application. FPGAs are generally slower and burn more power than custom logic. FPGAs are also relatively expensive. 2.3.8Types of FPGA Reprogrammable (SRAM-based) Xilinx, Altera