Mesopotamian Civilization - 1351 Words

Mesopotamian Civilization Wedged between the Tigris and Euphrates River, the first civilization and founder of the many methods and ideas we hold today, now lay in ruins under the desert sands of present day Iraq. Mesopotamia is home to the invention of writing, our twelve month lunar based calendar, the wheel, the division of minutes to seconds, and the opening of the first routes to import and export trade. The Sumerians of Mesopotamia were enveloped by environmental conditions that constantly tested their skills and intellect for survival. This need for survival served as the basis that called forth the invention of methods and ideas that overtime increased and spiraled into the creation of a higher human society. Nature threatened†¦show more content†¦Beneath the dominate rule, the large city-states thrived of diverse cultures, languages, and religions. There were constant battles and wars between these cities-state over boundaries, the show of power, and resources. The weak fell and the dominant survived. The Sumerians not only fought amongst themselves but were on attack by outside peoples like the Akkadians. Even though the Sumerians were sometimes overcome, those who were victorious still adopted their lifestyle and systems. It is here that the monarchy system was developed which was commanded by a priest-king, who ruled through bureaucrats. It was through this system that larger areas were able to be governed and duties such as judging disputes, organizing military, administrating crops, protecting the people, and administrating trade was possible. This was mostly put in the responsibility of the priest who overlooked the state and status of the people. The main cities of the Sumerian civilization were Nippur, Uruk, Girsu, and Ur. The ancient homes mainly consisted of either mud and brick huts or reeds that were interwoven for strength and stability. The daily life was centered around each city’s main temple where offerings and prayers were brought to the gods. The Sumerian religion was polytheistic, with human-like gods who carried emotional traits such as love, hate, and anger. Each divinity ruled over a city and instilled fear and respect into theShow MoreRelatedMesopotamian Literature : The Civilization1005 Words   |  5 PagesCivilization came a long way since what it first was. Human creativity was the root of the evolution of civilization. The basics of human survival in the Stone Age were creating fire, heat, clothing, and food from the surrounding resources of the lands. There were also many different cultural aspects among people in this age. In early Mesopotamia, the Mesopotamians and the Egyptians had a communal outlook on religion. Although their religious outlook was the same, they viewed the world in many differentRead MoreThe Egyptian And Mesopotamian Civilizations1468 Words   |  6 Pages The Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations were both one of the oldest civilizations in the world. They are considered by most scholarly historians and writers as the cradles of human civilizations. In these two geographical areas, the earliest cities in the world history appeared. As civilizations contemporary to each other, Egypt and Mesopotamia present several similarities and contrasts. Egypt was an ancient civilization in Northeastern Africa concentrated along the Nile river. It wasRead MoreEssay on Analyzing Early Mesopotamian Civilization1092 Words   |  5 Pagesanalyzing ancient civilization and how it began, there are many elements and aspects that should be considered. Questions such as how did civilization be gin? What lead to its creation? Where did it begin, and why in that particular location? Many of these questions can be examined and answered by researching what many believe is the world’s earliest civilization, Mesopotamia. It is widely believed that this region was chosen and supported one of the world’s first civilizations. This area wasRead MoreThe Mesopotamian Civilization1548 Words   |  7 PagesFor 7000 years the sweltering sand of the Iraqi desert has held remnants of one the earliest known civilization, the Mesopotamians. Since then, literary historians and scholars have uncovered myths revealing an unforeseen buried past. These hallowed accounts have become the center focus of explaining the early history of the Mesopotamian civilization, and the natural phenomenon’s that have existed. In particular, the Babylonian epic of creation, Enuma Elish, which served the purpose of explainingRead MoreThe Mythology Of The Mesopotamian Civilization1233 Wo rds   |  5 PagesMesopotamian civilization holds the title for oldest religion, but really what they had was what we call today, mythology. It is the first record we have of any religion. Everything they did was to please and pacify the gods so that they could go through their lives without any unexpected events. They believed that there was a god for different things such as the sun, love, death, storm and wind. They relied on the gods to control natural disasters. When catastrophes happened it was because somethingRead MoreGilgamesh s Influence On The Mesopotamian Civilization939 Words   |  4 Pagesthat Gilgamesh is an important historical hero that influenced the society to have a relationship with gods, view there gods, and on how divinity impacts culture in the Mesopotamian civilization. Throughout this essay I will address the main purposes and analyze the influence of Gilgamesh for his society. To begin with the Mesopotamians believed in the gods and goddesses. They would praise them for a significant reason either if its water, nature, wind, sun, etc. and each god has their own specific powersRead MoreMesopotamian Civilization : Mesopotamia The Land Of Rivers3727 Words   |  15 PagesEric Zhang NE STUD 105A Veldhuis 12/4/14 Mesopotamian Pastimes Mesopotamia—the land of rivers. Encompassed by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the Ancient Mesopotamian civilization spanned thousands of years and has a deep and rich history. As a result, the culture is widely considered to be the cradle or birthplace of Western Society. Although most of the perception of their history is derived from famous texts and literary stories, there is also an equally important aspect of life in examiningRead MoreThe Main Features Of Egyptian And Mesopotamian Civilizations1364 Words   |  6 Pagesmetalworking. Overall, agriculturally based societies made it easier to form larger and more advanced societies. Compare the main features of Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations. What did the two civilizations have in common as early civilizations? What were their main differences in values and organization? To compare Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations, one can look at their organization, academic achievements, and economic styles. In terms of organization, there were many similarities. Both wereRead MoreAncient Civilizations : Ancient Mesopotamian Descent Essay2143 Words   |  9 Pagesholds the technical definition of a civilization. In order for a society to also wear the title of civilization, it is necessary to develop a form of writing and a system to accompany it (McCants, 28) The first recorded of western civilizations to be established were those of Mesopotamian descent, located in the city-state of Sumer or what is now known as present day Iraq (Crawford, 73). In Sumer, this writing system, defining them as the first known civilization was known as cuneiform and has provedRead MoreCivilization is Connected from the Mesopotamians to the Powerful Roman Empire836 Words   |  4 Pagesleft an enduring influence. Society has developed many components which became foundationa l to Western culture from the Mesopotamian civilizations to the emergence of the Romans. The contributions of a variety of cultures shaped the course of Western history. The Mesopotamians and Egyptians are among the first civilizations to make a valuable contribution to Western Civilization. Both Babylonians and Egyptians managed to produce written systems of communicating ideas. The Babylonians created wedge-shaped

Walt Whitman Poetic Devices Free Essays

Poetic Devices Walt Whitman: Parallel Structure – In â€Å"I Hear America Singing† lines 2-8 are the best examples of Parallel Structure. Those of mechanics, each one singing his as it should be blithe and strong, The carpenter singing his as he measures his plank or beam, The mason singing his as he makes ready for work, or leaves off work, The boatman singing what belongs to him in his boat, the deckhand singing on the steamboat deck, The shoemaker singing as he sits on his bench, the hatter singing as he stands, The wood-cutter’s song, the plowboy’s on his way in the morning, or at noon intermission or at sundown, The delicious singing of the mother, or of the young wife at work, or of the girl sewing or washing, Free Verse – Free verse is a poem that is written without any type of rhyme in it and â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider† is a perfect example. It doesn’t rhyme, but to make the poem make sense he uses repetition, metaphor, alliteration and personification. We will write a custom essay sample on Walt Whitman Poetic Devices or any similar topic only for you Order Now Apostrophe – An example of apostrophe in â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider† was when the narrator addresses his soul. Mood – in the beginning mood of the poem â€Å"When I Heard the Learned Astronomer† was kind of tired and sick. But in the second part of the poem his mood changes it to kind of romantic. Catalog – Catalog is like to make a list, and Whitman makes a list of worker like carpenter, mason, wood maker, etc. in the poem â€Å"I hear America Singing† How to cite Walt Whitman Poetic Devices, Essay examples

Eco-Industrial Park free essay sample

In our Eco-Industrial Park Handbook for Asian Developing Countries  (download it)  Ã‚  we have updated the concept and strategies and incorporated cases from Asia. (This work was supported by the Environment Department of the Asian Development Bank. ) We now define the EIP concept as: An eco-industrial park or estate is a community of manufacturing and service businesses located together on a common property. Member businesses seek enhanced environmental, economic, and social performance through collaboration in managing environmental and resource issues.By working together, the community of businesses seeks a collective benefit that is greater than the sum of individual benefits each company would realize by only optimizing its individual performance. The goal of an EIP is to improve the economic performance of the participating companies while minimizing their environmental impacts. Components of this approach include green design of park infrastructure and plants (new or retrofitted); cleaner production, pollution prevention; energy efficiency; and inter-company partnering. We will write a custom essay sample on Eco-Industrial Park or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Materials Flows and Waste Management for the Whole Site Emphasize pollution prevention, especially with toxics; Ensure maximum re-use and recycling of materials among EIP businesses;   Reduce toxic materials risks through integrated site-level waste treatment; and   Link the EIP to companies in the surrounding region as consumers and generators of usable byproducts via resource exchanges and recycling networks. Water Design water flows to conserve resources and reduce pollution through strategies similar to those described for energy and materials.Effective EIP Management In addition to standard park service, recruitment, and maintenance functions, park management does the following: * Maintains the mix of companies needed to best use each others by-products as companies change;   * Supports improvement in environmental performance for individual companies and the park as a whole;   * Operates a site-wide information system that supports inter-company communications, informs members of local environmental conditions, and provides feedback on EIP performance. Construction/RehabilitationNew construction or rehabilitation of existing buildings follows best environmental practices in materials selection and building technology. These include recycling or reuse of materials and consideration of lifecycle environmental implications of materials and technologies. The first pioneers who are developing eco-industrial parks are applying previously tested concepts and practices in an innovative whole system.

ELISA Test

Question: Discuss about theELISA Test. Answer: Overview This review aims to describe a rapid diagnostic assay using a Protein Technology. The assay that has been selected is ELISA Test. ELISA refers to Enzyme Linked Immunsorbent Assay. It is a well-known method and is most widely used rapid diagnostic assay. It is typically performed for detecting the presence and/or quantity of a target protein present in an experimental sample. The method of detecting the target protein is made possible through antibodies that make this technique as an immunoassay1. This test has been utilized as a diagnostic tool in the plant pathology and medicine. It is also utilized as a quality-control test in different industries. There are different types of ELISA Test namely, Indirect ELISA, Direct ELISA, Sandwich ELISA and Competitive and Inhibition ELISA. It is an important tool to determine the concentrations of serum antibody and it is a simple, versatile, sensitive and quantitative test. Method ELISA is concerned with the detection of an analyte, which is a specific substance and its presence is analyzed either qualitatively or quantitatively in a liquid medium through a method, which continues to utilize the liquid reagents throughout the analysis. The method of ELISA involves the separation of a number of components of an analytical reaction blend through the adsorption of certain constituents on a solid phase that has been physically immobilized. The addition of a liquid sample is carried on a stationary solid phase having exceptional binding properties and it is followed by numerous liquid reagents, and their addition, incubation and washing is carried out and is followed by a few visual changes such as development of color by the product of the enzymatic reaction 2. (Source: Takwoingi, Leeflang and Deeks. 2013) The sensitivity of process of detection is dependent on the signal amplification in the course of the analytical reactions. The generation of signal takes place by the enzymes that are linked foe detecting the reagents in fixed quantities. This is the reason, why this assay is given the enzyme linked. This test comprises of the components such as coated plates, substrate, conjugate, sample diluent, wash concentrate, controls and stop solution. The equipments of this test comprise of Dilutors, pipettes, ELISA plate readers and washer systems. Some of the other equipments include Incubator and Humidity chamber 3. The first step of this method involves the coating of antibody, in which the immobilization of a specific antibody is carried out on the plates that are meant for binding of a specific protein and is kept for overnight incubation. The blocking of plates is carried out with an unrelated protein such as albumin 7. The second step involves capturing the protein. This step is initiated with the addition of samples as well as standard solutions and their capturing takes place by the bound antibodies. The third step involves the detection of antibody in which the addition of specific biotinylated detection antibody to the wells is carried out for enabling the detection of the protein that has been captured8. In the fourth step, the addition of Streptavidin conjugated with horseradish peroidase (HRP) or alkaline phosphatise carried out and this leads to the binding with the biotinylated antibody. In the next step, addition of colorimetric substrate to the wells is performed and it results i n the formation of a coloured solution when it is catalyzed through the enzyme. In the final step, the analysis is performed by measuring the absorbance in a ELISA reader and the determination of the amount of protein is also carried out 4. (Source: Takwoingi, Leeflang and Deeks. 2013) Usefulness and Cost of the Technology ELISA is useful for detecting the presence of an antigen on antibody within a sample. It plays a significant role for determining the concentrations of serum antibody in a virus test. This test has an important application in the food industry for the detection of allergens in the food products. It is also applied in the situations of outbreak of disease for keeping a track on the spreading of diseases such as STDs, cholera and HIV6. It is also used to detect the antibodies in the blood sample for previous exposure to diseases like trichinosis and Lyme disease. The successful detection of antigens such as pregnancy hormones can be easily carried out by this test. It has proved to be an accurate quantitative method that can be used for the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis. The tests of ELISA are usually inexpensive and the companies that manufacture the test kits keep a low-cost for the customers 5. It is performed for detecting the presence and/or quantity of a target protein present i n an experimental sample. The method of detecting the target protein is made possible through antibodies that make this technique as an immunoassay. It has been utilized as a diagnostic tool in the plant pathology and medicine. It is also utilized as a quality-control test in different industries (Source: Takwoingi, Leeflang and Deeks. 2013) Comparison with DNA or other Technologies The ELISA test is different with DNA and other technologies as ELISA is a test which is used for detecting the presence of proteins in a sample, instead of DNA i.e. this test cannot be used for the detection of DNA 4. On the other hand, the tests like Southern blotting; Recombinant DNA technology is utilized for detecting DNA in animal or plant sample. DNA technology involves a set of diverse techniques, which allows the researchers foe examining, changing and creating new genetic substance. It ranges from the identification of criminals, creation of new biological products and involves the work of individuals from diverse disciplines. It also helps to understand the mechanisms of life, to solve mysteries and crimes and create solutions for nutrition along with healthy. Therefore, it differs largely in comparison to the ELISA test 6. To sum up, the ELISA test is a simple and a rapid diagnostic assay and offers a variety of advantages over the other techniques that are used in proteomics or protein technology in an efficient manner. Therefore, it plays a significant role and has varied applications that makes it a choice by the scientists and researchers. References Heick J, Fischer M, Kerbach S, Tamm U, Popping B. Application of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous detection of seven allergenic foods in flour and bread and comparison of the method with commercially available ELISA test kits. Journal of AOAC International. 2010 Dec;94(4):1060-8. Takwoingi Y, Leeflang MM, Deeks JJ. Empirical evidence of the importance of comparative studies of diagnostic test accuracy. Annals of internal medicine. 2013 Apr 2;158(7):544-54. Gan SD, Patel KR. Enzyme immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2013 Sep 30;133(9):1-3. Singhal S, Mittal V, Khare V, Singh YI. Comparative analysis of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and direct microscopy for the diagnosis of Giardia intestinalis in fecal samples. Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology. 2015 Jan 1;58(1):69. Burrows AS. Matrix Effects on the Detection of Milk and Peanut Residues by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA). Heginbotham A, Millay V, Quick M. The Use of Immunofluorescence Microscopy and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assayas Complementary Techniques for Protein Identification in Artists' Materials. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation. 2013 Jul 18. Vashist SK, Schneider EM, Luong JH. Rapid sandwich ELISA-based in vitro diagnostic procedure for the highly-sensitive detection of human fetuin A. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2015 May 15;67:73-8. Zhou F, Wang M, Yuan L, Cheng Z, Wu Z, Chen H. Sensitive sandwich ELISA based on a gold nanoparticle layer for cancer detection. Analyst. 2012;137(8):1779-84.

Want to Learn How to Improve Your Grades? Check Out These Aspiration Essay Samples

Want to Learn How to Improve Your Grades? Check Out These Aspiration Essay SamplesIf you are a student who is very eager to improve your grades, then maybe it's time to pick up one of the available aspiration essay samples and improve your grades right away. However, before you take the plunge, you need to ensure that you will be able to understand how to use the particular essay software or 'template' well enough to get your desired results.Before you go in for this, it's very important to improve your typing skills, for this is the most essential thing. Once you understand how to get the best out of your essay writing skills, you will be able to get more in-depth information out of your subject. You may also find it useful to read an aspiration essay sample.Let's first think about what constitutes a good writing sample. A good aspiration essay sample is usually short and concise. It should contain lots of information about the person or organization, but still does not go into a gr eat deal of detail. For example, if you are interested in using online software, you need to understand exactly what software the writing sample is for, for instance, a coursebook, a course, a web site or software or even for a map, it's all the same.A good writing sample should let you vary the style to your own style. You may want to tailor your writing according to the choice of words that you chose, to make it more interesting, but still readable. Also, when reading, you will realize that the only format that is required is to copy and paste the text you want to be read from the screen.To sum up, we can say that using an aspiration writing sample to write your own personal essays is not really required at all. What you will be able to do is to get a couple of paragraphs written and add your personal comments in the proper places.In fact, if you are just starting out, it's better to start out by copying and pasting simple sentences from the writing software and copy and pasting t he text in the correct place. Eventually, you will get good enough at writing an essay that you can write what you want to say on your own, although you will be sure to work with an excellent writing software.Motivation is also important for your writing. To know more about aspiration writing samples, you can visit my website.

How expectancy theory and equity theory might be used to motivate graduate trainees working in a large organisation Essay Example

How expectancy theory and equity theory might be used to motivate graduate trainees working in a large organisation Paper There are two main theories behind motivation; Expectancy theory and Equity theory. Expectancy theory, developed by Edward Tolman, is known as a cognitive theory and was brought about to dispute previous behaviourist theories. Equity theory looked at by J. Stacy Adams, is a process theory which is actually based on the idea of inequity. Motivation among graduate trainees can vary depending on the circumstances surrounding an individuals employment. If they are in a career that they are extremely passionate about, they will likely put in more effort than someone who has no real determination. Graduates are likely to be in a job for one of two reasons. They will either be there to get a foothold in the profession that they want to ultimately work in, or to make a lot of money to pay off their student debts. However in both cases, an individual will want to feel rewarded and that they are being treated fairly and in an equitable manner to their peers. We will write a custom essay sample on How expectancy theory and equity theory might be used to motivate graduate trainees working in a large organisation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How expectancy theory and equity theory might be used to motivate graduate trainees working in a large organisation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How expectancy theory and equity theory might be used to motivate graduate trainees working in a large organisation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although Edward Tolman and Kurt Lewin were the first people to pioneer Expectancy theory, it was Victor Vrooms (1964) studies that applied the model to workplace motivation. The theory looks at peoples choice in options left open to them and suggests that an individuals motivation is dependent on how much they want something and their likelihood of achieving it. To ensure that graduates in an organisation are motivated, the company must first recognise the components that make up motivation. These are effort, direction and persistence. Effort looks at what actually motivates an individual while direction determines what behaviours an individual chooses. Persistence examines the role in which sustaining or halting a particular behaviour is important. Once a company understands that its graduates are likely to be motivated if all these criteria are positive, they can begin to formulate plans for ensuring that their employees are happy and conducting a successful job. The expectancy theory suggests that there are three key areas that an individual must want to succeed in. These are expectancy, instrumentality and valence. Vroom suggested a formula and it implied that if an individual put no value on any of the areas they would not be motivated. It is therefore important for a company to ensure that their graduates place value on all three areas, as shown in the diagram below. 1.1 The components of Expectancy Theory While some people believe that each of the components are distinct, it has been shown that there is a link between them and that one leads to another. As the newest employees of a company, graduates will be required to show motivation and a desire to succeed in the company. However if the company provides no set targets or options for them to fulfil the above key areas, there is a likelihood that the motivation would not be shown. Therefore, in order for the company to motivate graduates according to expectancy theory, they must ensure that the more work an individual puts in, it will be recognisable in terms of output. For instrumentality, they should also make clear that the more work an individual does for a company, the quicker they are likely to achieve a promotion or a salary increase. As a graduate, it is likely that an individual will want this promotion but in a case where it might not matter and to ensure that valence is present, it would be important for the company to ensure that the benefits of the promotion outweigh the costs to the individual. In a large organisation it is likely that there will be many graduates but competition to get a place initially may be fierce. It is important for the company to enforce the fact that whilst the individual was lucky to get a place, they very much deserved it and that the company values them as a person and for their talents. This in itself will increase motivation. However, as there will be many others in the same shoes it is important for a company to distinguish between each individual to ensure that their work doesnt go unnoticed. With so many graduates, it is important that whilst distinguishing between all of them, that none are overlooked and all feel equal to one another. J. Stacy Adams (1963, 1965) statement on equity theory was perhaps the most influential of its time. He argued that we are motivated to act in situations which we perceive to be inequitable or unfair (Buchanan Huczynski, 2004). As a graduate, inequity is likely to occur when an individual believes they are receiving more or less than they think they deserve. In an instance where they may be being better rewarded than their counterparts it may not be of concern to them, but when their counterparts are receiving higher benefits than the individual there will be a great feeling of inequity and maybe inadequacy. Adams model is based on inputs and outputs and they need to be balanced and calibrated against others in the workplace in order to ensure equity as the below diagram shows. 1.2 The components of J. Stacey Adams Equity Theory Graduates are likely to not have any previous experience of being in a workplace and therefore will probably make a lot more comparisons than those higher up the corporate ladder. As seen from the above diagram, the graduates perception of rewards and outputs includes money, recognition, responsibility, praise and enjoyment. If the graduate feels that their peers are receiving a higher token in any of these output areas, they are likely to experience inequity. Their inputs will be things such as effort, commitment, time, reliability and loyalty. As an individuals outputs reduce and an inequity manifests, the individual will feel compelled to act upon this reduction. They will try to correct the inequity as quickly as possible and this may involve lowering productivity, increased absenteeism or a reduced quality of the work produced. However, the limitation with this model is that it leaves inputs and outputs open to interpretation according to individual differences. For example, whilst one graduate might place large value on pay rises, another may think that these are negligible and that promotion and climbing the corporate ladder is more important. Adams believes that there are strategies for reducing inequity though and in the case of a graduate where one was being paid more than another for doing similar jobs, then the following steps that an individual would take: 1) Change their outputs (i.e. ask for a pay rise) 2) Change their inputs (i.e. not put in as much effort) 3) Change the other partys outputs (i.e. persuade superiors to cut others pay) 4) Change the other partys inputs (i.e. leave the hard work to others) 5) Change the comparable party (i.e. compare with a different individual) 6) Change attitude to inequity (i.e. reason as to why the other is receiving more outputs) 7) Leave the job Therefore, for an organisation to use equity theory to its advantage and to ensure its graduates continue to be motivated after the first few weeks at the company, it is important to ensure that they feel that their inputs are rewarded by outputs and that their peers are not receiving more outputs than them. Obviously, there will be certain individuals who perform better than others and will deserve higher outputs. When this is the case, the company must ensure that the individuals work is definitely above the standard of their counterparts and that it is made clear to others in the organisation why the said individual received the reward. This will actually have a positive effect on the company in that the other graduates in the company will want to achieve a similar output benefit and therefore be motivated to work harder and in turn their inputs will increase. This will have a spiralling effect which will increase productivity and therefore in turn have a positive effect on the company. Both theories can be used to ensure that the graduates are happy and feel aptly rewarded in their jobs. Expectancy Theory and Equity Theory both take into account the costs to the individual and the rewards that are ultimately expected. It is important for an organisation not to pass these theories by because it may ultimately have a detrimental effect to the reputation of the company. By ensuring that those at the bottom of the firm are enjoying their work and feel aptly rewarded, it will create a positive atmosphere that will ensure that the graduates remain loyal to the organisation and are more likely to stay with them rather than defect to a rival firm.

Science Coursework Essays

Science Coursework Essays Science Coursework Essay Science Coursework Essay For my science coursework I have been asked to carry out an experiment to investigate the strengths of different sodium hydroxide solutions. By the end of my experiment I would like to find out which solution would be the best antacid to overcome indigestion. Indigestion is when acid from your stomach flows back up the oesophagus. I will be testing three sodium hydroxide (Na) solutions which have varying strengths, they are labelled A, B and C. To investigate the strength of each alkali I will use 4 different methods to measure the solutions.Phenolphthalein indicator is added to the antacid to turn it pink. Acid is added to the alkali solution to neutralise it. The amount of Acid which is added to each solution will determine the strength ness of it. Neutralisation is an irreversible chemical reaction; this is when an acid is neutralised by an alkali. This kind of chemical reaction produces reactants which are water and salt. The formula for this is: Acid + Alkali Salt + Water.The e quation for this experiment will be:Hydrochloric Acid + Sodium HydroxideHCl (aq) +NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) +H2O (l)Apparatus:1 x 250cm3 Beaker,1 x 200cm3 Beaker,Pipette Filler,Pipette,Conical Flask,Clamp,Clamp stand,Test tube,Test tube stand,Burette,Measuring cylinder.Sodium Hydroxide solutions A, B and C,Hydrochloric Acid,Phenolphthalein (Indicator),Water.Strategy:In order to make this experiment fair I will be using 4 different methods to measure the acid used to neutralise the antacid solution. I will be using test tubes, beakers, measuring cylinders and the burette/pipette. I will test the equipment to see which method produces the most accurate results. By the end of the experiment I will be able to identify which method is the best and therefore conclude which equipment formed the most precise outcomes.Method 1 (Test Tubes)1. Pour one test tube full of the Sodium Hydroxide into a beaker.2. Add few drops of indicator to turn it pink.3. Add little amounts of HCl from the test tubes, into the solution and wait until it turned colourless.4. Record how many test tubes of HCl it took for the solution to be neutralised.Conclusion of this method:By using this method I found it difficult to record the results accurately. I was unable to control my hand when the acid was being added to the alkali. This made my result unreliable because the correct readings werent taken as the solution turned colourless. Therefore I will not be assessing this strategy as there are many defects and creates unreliable results.Method 2 (Beakers)1. Pour 100cm3 of Sodium Hydroxide in to the smaller beaker.2. Add few drops of indicator to turn pink.3. Use the larger beaker to add the acid to the alkali. Wait till the solution turns colourless.4. Record how much HCl was added to the Sodium Hydroxide.Conclusion of this method:I think this strategy was reasonably reliable as there was more acid in the beaker than the test tube, so I was able to stop as soon as the solution went colourless. Howe ver due to human error I dont think I got completely accurate results. Also as the graduations on the beaker were more spread out, me and my group couldnt tell exactly how much HCl was added to the Sodium Hydroxide. We estimated most of the results for this method. Overall I think this method is undependable as the results wont reflect the true outcomes of the experiment, therefore I will not be assessing this strategy.Method 3 (Measuring cylinders)1. Pour 100cm3 of Sodium Hydroxide into the measuring cylinder.2. Add few drops of indicator to turn pink3. Pour 100cm3 HCl into a measuring cylinder.4. Add HCl to Sodium Hydroxide until it turns colourless. Then record how much HCl was used and take it away from 100cm3Conclusion of this method:I think this method was very accurate because of the amount of graduations of the measuring cylinders. I was able to tell exactly how much acid was needed to neutralise the solutions. This slightly closed the gap for human error as the graduations were more reliable. However, it was difficult to pour acid from one cylinder to the other, sometimes a few drops of solution fell outside the measuring cylinder. This minor problem could affect the outcome of my results, therefore I will not be using this method.Method 4 (Burette Pipette)1. Pour acid into smaller beaker. Pour Sodium Hydroxide into larger beaker.2. Pour acid into the burette up to 0.003. Using the pipette and pipette filler pour 25cm3 of Sodium Hydroxide into a conical flask.4. Add few drops of indicator to turn pink5. Turn the tap of the burette to pour the Acid into the conical flask. Wait till the solution goes colourless.Conclusion of this method:Because of the amount of gradients on the burette, I believe that this is the best method. My results were extremely reliable and I was able to obtain accurate results. There was very little room for human error as the tap enabled me to stop the acid as soon as the solution went colourless. So, I have decided to use thi s method because of the amount of accuracy.Experiment:Method 4 is the overall method I will use as I consider it to be the best experiment to find out which Antacid is the strongest.Here is how to carry out the experiment, step by step:1. Collect all the equipment which is neededs of antacid brands include Rennie and Mucogel, and many of the popular antacid brands contain a mixture of more than one active ingredient. However some antacids can create some Side-effects such as diarrhoea and constipation. Also some antacids contain an ingredient called which forms a barrier that floats on the top the stomach contents to prevent reflux.Evaluation Conclusion:From my results and calculations I think my experiment went well. I did as much as I could to try and make the experiment fair and accurate however it was inevitable that a gap would be open for human errors. During my experiment my group always changed the person who was recording the amount of acid needed and the role of turning t he tap when the solution turned colourless. This may have affected our results as different people observe things in different ways. Someone may have turned the tap too early or too late which would affect the outcome of our results. Also to make my results more firm, I could have repeated the experiment a few more times in order to get a range of results.Human error makes way for things such as, not rinsing out glassware properly, misreading the burette and not detecting the end point accurately. There are other methods that I could have tried out as well such as a pH meter. A pH meter is an electronic instrument used to measure the pH (acidity or alkalinity) of a liquid. A typical pH meter consists of a special measuring probe (a glass electrode) connected to an electronic meter that measures and displays the pH reading. This would have given me more accurate readings.However I think titrations was the best strategy out of all the methods I had tried. It was extremely accurate and only little mistakes could be made. Although I did find a few outliers during my experiment. The biggest outlier I found was the first titration of the whole expermint which was a rough one, the result outcome was 24.30cm whereas the other results were between 25.00-26.00. This may be because the equipment werent cleaned put properly or the results werent read accurately. To make my results even more accurate I could have redone them, however with such a small difference I did not feel that it was not necessary. If I wanted to have strong results I could repeat these experiments where there would not be any outliers whatsoever.In conclusion, I think I chose the finest method to find out which antacid is the best solution to cure indigestion according to the equipment which was available. I tested other strategies and came to a conclusion that they werent accurate enough. Using a burette and pipette, secured my results and made them extremely reliable. My experiment was carried out carefully and precisely in order to get a fair result. Overall I believe my experiment was triumphant, and by the end of it I found out which antacid successfully combats indigestion.